- •Lecture1 The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation
- •List of literature used and recommended
- •Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
- •2. The object of translation theory, the problems which the translatology studies.
- •3. Interrelation with other disciplines.
- •4. Stages of translation process.
- •5. Types of translation.
- •6. Pragmatic adaptation.
- •7. Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
- •8. Context.
- •Lecture 2 a short historical outline of European and Ukrainian translation.
- •List of literature used and recommended.
- •1. The earliest mentions of translation, the translation development during ancient times until 500ad.
- •2. Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
- •3. Translation during the Renaissance period.
- •4. Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment.
- •5. The epoch of Romanticism and establishment of the principles of faithful translation in Europe.
- •6. Translation in Kyivan Rus’ during the 10th–13th centuries and in Ukraine during the 14th–16th centuries.
- •7. The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine.
- •8. Translation during the years of Ukraine’s independence and early Soviet rule, post-war period, during the last decade of the 20th century.
- •Lecture 3 Lexicological aspects of translation. Methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •Methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •1. Rules and methods of Romanization of different Ukrainian proper nouns.
- •2. The main rules of conveying English sounds in Ukrainian translation of proper names.
- •3. Conveying the names of companies, corporations, firms.
- •Lecture 4 Units of international lexicon and ways of rendering their meaning and lingual form.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •1. Identification of international lexicon units.
- •2. Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.
- •3. Translating of loan internationalisms.
- •Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
- •Literature used and recommended
- •4. Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •1. Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
- •2. Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon.
- •2. The ways of faithful rendering of the idiomatic / phraseological expressions.
- •3. Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
- •Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •Ways and means of expressing modality in English and Ukrainian.
- •1. The lexico-grammatical expression of modality through modal verbs.
- •1.1. Can / could.
- •1.2. May / might – to be permitted / to be allowed
- •1.3. Must expresses strong obligation, duty, necessity -
- •1.4. Have to
- •1.7. Need
- •1.8. Dare
- •2. English modal verbs having not always modal verb equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •3. Ways of conveying the meaning of subjective modality.
- •4. Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
- •Lecture 8 Transformations in the process of translation.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •1. Бідасюк н. В., Бондар р. В. Практикум перекладу. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –431 с.
- •3. Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •Transformations in the process of translation.
- •2. Lexical, grammatical, lexico-grammatical transformations in the process of translation.
- •2.1. Grammatical transformation.
- •2.2. Lexical transformations.
- •2.3. Lexico-grammatical transformations.
- •3. Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation.
1.4. Have to
have to - corresponds to the verb мати. I have to tell you smth. - Я маю вам щось сказати.
Have to may become close to повинен, мусити, треба, потрібно, необхідно.
In some context the meaning of have to may be very close to must -мусити, повинен. I have to leave you here - Я змушений / повинен покинути тебе тут.
1.5. То be (to)
to be to is the synonymous to have to and is realized depending on the form and lexical meaning of the infinitive following it. Mostly -мати, even повинен, мусити. According to the agreement rent was to be paid in advance. - Згідно угоди, кварт платня повинна була сплачуватися наперед.
When expressing inevitability of some action or event - мати. If the thing was to happen it was to happen in this way. - Якщо вже це мало скоїтись, то воно мало скоїтись саме так, а не інакше.
То be (to) may express треба. It was to be expected happen in this way. - Цього і треба було чекати.
When expressing possibility, to be (to) is translated as можна, мати, можливо: There is a good training to be had there. - Там можна пройти гарну практику / вишкіл.
То be (to) may be translated by the strictly logical position of the parts of the sentence or peculiar logical sentence structure.
1.6. Ought to like the modal verb should expresses :
a) moral obligation, presupposition, desirability, advisability. They are close to треба or слід, потрібно. Oh, I've forgotten, I ought to have asked her about that - О, а я й забув: я ж мав (повинен був) запитати її про те.
in the context of the assumptive duty or obligation, necessity ought to is expressed through the particles б, би, щоб: You ought to be working now- Ти ж мав би бути на роботі зараз.
the conditional subjunctive meaning through якби, якщо. You ought to have seen her - Бачили б ви... Треба було бачити...
ought to expressing desire or affirmation - певне, напевне, мабуть. She ought to have been thinking about spending her money. - Вона, мабуть, подумує вже про те, як потратити свої гроші.
1.7. Need
Need is known to have 2 forms of realization, that of a defective verb and a regular verb with modal meaning. The double nature of need does not influence in any way its translation of треба, потрібно, необхідно. That needs a bit of thinking - Над цим треба ще трохи подумати.
Semantic transformations are observed when rendering resolute / negative advice or indignation. Why need we defend it? - Навіщо / чого це нам захищати це?
Need - бути повинним / мусити. Well, nobody needs know about it - Але ніхто не повинен знати про це.
1.8. Dare
a) Dare like verb need may function as a modal verb and as a regular finite verb. The translation remains the same - сміти, наважуватися, насмілюватися. She daren't come here when I was alone. - Вона не насмілювалася / сміла заходити сюди, коли я був сам.
b) In colloquial English the verb dare is used often in dare say / daresay. - вважаю, допускаю, смію сказати, не без того, щоб. І dare say - Наважусь стверджувати, що.
2. English modal verbs having not always modal verb equivalents in Ukrainian.
These modal verbs are: shall, will, would and partly should.
Shall
through the verb хотіти, or through the logical stress: Shall I tell you? - Розповісти вам ?(Хочете, щоб я розповів вам?)
expressing warning, threat or resolute demand through the imperative verb form. I shall want your account of how this happened. - Вимагаю звіту про те, як ви таке допустили.
In other cases the meaning of shall may coincide with that of the modal verb dare.
Will may coincide with would
Will expressing volition, demand, assurance through the corresponding verb and logical stress. "I will be another kind of president " - "Я буду/ обіцяю бути зовсім іншим президентом."
Will as assurance and promise - обіцяю
Determination, perseverance or promising threat - future tense.
I will prosecute you myself - Я сам вас судитиму
Polite request. When would / will you like to come over? - Коли б ви хотіли зайти?
Supposition - Ukrainian modal verb or by means of the subjunctive mood. This will be the place where they reposed - Це, напевне , і є те місце, де вони перепочивали.
Resistance to an action referring to the present or to the future, which is observed only in English. Help him. The door will not unlock. - Допоможіть, двері ніяк не відмикаються.
Preference choice and other meanings as in the set expressions – I’d rather / I’d sooner - by the subjunctive mood forms and краще, ліпше. Mother said she would much rather watch him fish and not try to fish herself. Мати сказала, що вона радніше спостерігала б, як він вудить , ніж самій вудити.
Will, would are used in many set expressions: You’ d make a saint swear - Ти навіть святого виведеш / вивів би з рівноваги.
Should
Should as a modal verb is often used in reference to present and to future.
Obligation, necessity. What do you think he should do?
Regret, sorrow, grief. I shouldn't have said that.
Advice, recommendation, admonition.
Supposition, suggestion. Perhaps I should introduce... - Може,б мені представити... Мабуть, представлю … Може, бодай представити...
Surprise, indignation or pleasure (with the indefinite or perfect infinitive following the verb should) God forbid that I should ever say a good word for you. - Боронь Боже мені сказати хоч одне добре слово за тебе.
Reproval, protest, disappointment - Треба, слід, потрібно.