- •Lecture1 The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation
- •List of literature used and recommended
- •Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
- •2. The object of translation theory, the problems which the translatology studies.
- •3. Interrelation with other disciplines.
- •4. Stages of translation process.
- •5. Types of translation.
- •6. Pragmatic adaptation.
- •7. Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
- •8. Context.
- •Lecture 2 a short historical outline of European and Ukrainian translation.
- •List of literature used and recommended.
- •1. The earliest mentions of translation, the translation development during ancient times until 500ad.
- •2. Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
- •3. Translation during the Renaissance period.
- •4. Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment.
- •5. The epoch of Romanticism and establishment of the principles of faithful translation in Europe.
- •6. Translation in Kyivan Rus’ during the 10th–13th centuries and in Ukraine during the 14th–16th centuries.
- •7. The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine.
- •8. Translation during the years of Ukraine’s independence and early Soviet rule, post-war period, during the last decade of the 20th century.
- •Lecture 3 Lexicological aspects of translation. Methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •Methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •1. Rules and methods of Romanization of different Ukrainian proper nouns.
- •2. The main rules of conveying English sounds in Ukrainian translation of proper names.
- •3. Conveying the names of companies, corporations, firms.
- •Lecture 4 Units of international lexicon and ways of rendering their meaning and lingual form.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •1. Identification of international lexicon units.
- •2. Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.
- •3. Translating of loan internationalisms.
- •Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
- •Literature used and recommended
- •4. Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •1. Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
- •2. Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon.
- •2. The ways of faithful rendering of the idiomatic / phraseological expressions.
- •3. Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
- •Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •Ways and means of expressing modality in English and Ukrainian.
- •1. The lexico-grammatical expression of modality through modal verbs.
- •1.1. Can / could.
- •1.2. May / might – to be permitted / to be allowed
- •1.3. Must expresses strong obligation, duty, necessity -
- •1.4. Have to
- •1.7. Need
- •1.8. Dare
- •2. English modal verbs having not always modal verb equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •3. Ways of conveying the meaning of subjective modality.
- •4. Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
- •Lecture 8 Transformations in the process of translation.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •1. Бідасюк н. В., Бондар р. В. Практикум перекладу. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –431 с.
- •3. Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •Transformations in the process of translation.
- •2. Lexical, grammatical, lexico-grammatical transformations in the process of translation.
- •2.1. Grammatical transformation.
- •2.2. Lexical transformations.
- •2.3. Lexico-grammatical transformations.
- •3. Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation.
1. The lexico-grammatical expression of modality through modal verbs.
This kind of modality is realized in both 1anguages via modal verbs plus the infinitive of the notional verb, performing the function of compound modal verbal predicate.
1.1. Can / could.
Can / could expressing physical or mental ability is translated with the help of могти, вміти, мати змогу, можливість.
Не could hardly take his eyes off her - Нe міг очей відірвати від неї.
When expressing doubt, uncertainty - невже, хіба, навряд (mainly in interrogative and negative sentences) Can’t you believe me ? - Невже ви мені не вірите?
When expressing reproach, surprise, permission - можна. How can one promise that? - Як можна таке обіцяти?
In some environment can may be rendered in Ukrainian -through other modal verbs: How can you talk to me like that - Як ти смієш зі мною так розмовляти
Can / could followed by the perfect infinitive may be translated: through the past form of verb or through its subjunctive mood form. She can’t have neglected all that. - Невже вона всім цим знехтувала? Вона не могла всім цим знехтувати
N.B. Some modal meanings of can have no equivalents in Ukrainian I can hear you well. Я добре чую тебе. Can you see me? Ти бачиш мене?
1.2. May / might – to be permitted / to be allowed
expressing permission - можна. May I go? Можна йти?
expressing permission - дозволяти, не заперечувати
expressing possibility, assumption, uncertainty, advice - мати. І may remind him of a time he prefers to forget. Я матиму змогу пригадати йому той час, про який він воліє не згадувати.
When expressing wish - хай, щоб, initiating the sentences. May they live a long life - Хай їм щастить!
May / might followed by a perfect infinitive of actions which might not have been carried out. She may have forgotten... - Вона, мабуть, забула. Вона , певне, забула. Можливо, вона забула. Цілком імовірно, що вона забула. А ,може, вона забула...
Verb may is often used in the 1anguage of documents to express polite but severe warning: A member of the UNO... may be expelled from the organization. Держава - член ООН може бути виключена.
1.3. Must expresses strong obligation, duty, necessity -
a) мусити (weaker meanings повинен, треба, sometimes we resort to the обов'язково повинен, треба). And you must tell your father for me. The translator may suggest 3 possible equivalents:
1) І ти мусиш сказати це за мене батькові (duty, obligation)
2) І ти повинна (necessity)
3) І тобі треба (presumptive obligation)
b) When expressing assumption must may have a contextually fitting translation. - That fellow must be made of steel. He's never tired. – Той хлопець певне / як залізний. Він ніколи не втомлюється.
What must you have thought of me? - Що ти міг тільки подумати про мене?
Come, you must see. - Ходіть-но, подивіться.
c) Must used with the perfect infinitive is rendered with the help of можливо, очевидно, мабуть, напевно, певно: They must have known. - Вони ,певне, знали.