- •Lecture1 The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation
- •List of literature used and recommended
- •Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
- •2. The object of translation theory, the problems which the translatology studies.
- •3. Interrelation with other disciplines.
- •4. Stages of translation process.
- •5. Types of translation.
- •6. Pragmatic adaptation.
- •7. Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
- •8. Context.
- •Lecture 2 a short historical outline of European and Ukrainian translation.
- •List of literature used and recommended.
- •1. The earliest mentions of translation, the translation development during ancient times until 500ad.
- •2. Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
- •3. Translation during the Renaissance period.
- •4. Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment.
- •5. The epoch of Romanticism and establishment of the principles of faithful translation in Europe.
- •6. Translation in Kyivan Rus’ during the 10th–13th centuries and in Ukraine during the 14th–16th centuries.
- •7. The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine.
- •8. Translation during the years of Ukraine’s independence and early Soviet rule, post-war period, during the last decade of the 20th century.
- •Lecture 3 Lexicological aspects of translation. Methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •Methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •1. Rules and methods of Romanization of different Ukrainian proper nouns.
- •2. The main rules of conveying English sounds in Ukrainian translation of proper names.
- •3. Conveying the names of companies, corporations, firms.
- •Lecture 4 Units of international lexicon and ways of rendering their meaning and lingual form.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •1. Identification of international lexicon units.
- •2. Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.
- •3. Translating of loan internationalisms.
- •Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
- •Literature used and recommended
- •4. Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •1. Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
- •2. Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon.
- •2. The ways of faithful rendering of the idiomatic / phraseological expressions.
- •3. Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
- •Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •Ways and means of expressing modality in English and Ukrainian.
- •1. The lexico-grammatical expression of modality through modal verbs.
- •1.1. Can / could.
- •1.2. May / might – to be permitted / to be allowed
- •1.3. Must expresses strong obligation, duty, necessity -
- •1.4. Have to
- •1.7. Need
- •1.8. Dare
- •2. English modal verbs having not always modal verb equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •3. Ways of conveying the meaning of subjective modality.
- •4. Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
- •Lecture 8 Transformations in the process of translation.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •1. Бідасюк н. В., Бондар р. В. Практикум перекладу. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –431 с.
- •3. Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •Transformations in the process of translation.
- •2. Lexical, grammatical, lexico-grammatical transformations in the process of translation.
- •2.1. Grammatical transformation.
- •2.2. Lexical transformations.
- •2.3. Lexico-grammatical transformations.
- •3. Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation.
2. The ways of faithful rendering of the idiomatic / phraseological expressions.
a) by choosing absolute/complete equivalents.
Every componential part of the SL idioms is retained in the TL unchanged, when dealing with idioms which originate from the same source:
- Greek or other mythology: Pandora's Box - скринька Пандори (джерело всяких лих), the Trojan horse, a labour of Sisyphus -Сізіфова праця / важка і марна праця.
Ancient history or literature: to cross the Rubicon - перетнути Рубікон/прийняти важливе рішення, І come, I saw, I conquered -прийшов, побачив, переміг.
the Bible or works based on a biblical plot: a lost sheep - заблудла вівця, the ten commandments - 10 заповідей, prodigal son - блудний син,
contemporary sources: (Eng) my house is my castle - мій дім-моя фортеця, (French) to pull the chestnuts out of the fire - вигрібати чужими руками каштани з вогню, (Spain) blue blood – блакитна кров, (Germ) Sturm und Drang - буря і натиск.
Some minor alternations in the structure/word order may not be excluded altogether. They do not change either the denotative or connotative meanings: appetite comes while eating- апетит приходить під час їжі, Caesar's wife must be beyond suspicion - дружина Цезаря не повинна бути під підозрою.
Not only regular idioms but many standardized word-combinations may originate from a common source.
b) Translation of idioms by choosing near equivalents ("translation by means of loans" - "калькування", "кальки").
A great number of idioms originating from a common source may have one or more different components: the devil is not so black as he is painted - не такий чорт страшний, як його малюють, a lot of water had run under the bridge - багато води спливло відтоді, as pale as paper - блідий, мов стіна.
The slight divergences can be seen in:
in the structure of the TL variant (to make a long story short – сказати коротко);
in the omission (or adding) of a part in the TL (a lot of water run under the bridge since then);
in the substitution of a feature of the SL for some other in the TL (more fitting) - to know smth as one knows his ten fingers - знати як своїх 5 пальців;
in the generalization of the features of the SL idiomatic expression: one’s own flesh and bone - рідна кровинка;
in the concretization of some features of the SL expression: a voice in the wilderness - голос волаючого в пустелі.
c) Translating by choosing genuine idiomatic analogies.
Majority of English idiomatic expressions have similar in sense units in Ukrainian, they are very close in their connotative meaning, they are genuine analogies of proverbs, sayings as well as standardized, stable collocation: to have the ready tongue - за словом у кишеню не лізти; there is no use crying over spilt milk - що з воза впало, те пропало; like mistress, like maid - яблуко від яблуні недалеко падає.
Many of them may often have many analogies in the TL. For Ukrainian phraseological expression і на сонці є плями / людини без вад не буває: every man has a fool in his sleeve, every man has his faults, every bean has its black, every man has his weak side, Homer sometimes sleeps, it is a good horse that never stumbles, etc.
d) Translating idioms by choosing approximate analogies:
Some SL idiomatic and stable expressions may have a specific nature of their components, and form nationally peculiar images. They have some hidden meaning, which is not clear for the foreigner to catch it. They do not have genuine analogies but only approximate, no less expressive and picturesque than the SL variants: to be finger and thumb - водою не розлити, it is six and half a dozen - не вмер Данило, так болячка задавила, to get the blues - місця собі не знаходити/сумувати, etc.
e) Descriptive translating of idiomatic and set expressions.
The meaning of a considerable number of idiomatic and set expressions can be rendered through descriptive way, explication only. If can be expressed in the TL in some ways:
1) by a single word: out of a clear blue of the sky - раптом, to pall and peel - грабувати, обдирати, poor fish - йолоп, нікчема, sell smoke - підманювати.
2) by a free combination of words as in: school miss - школярка, сором'язлива, недосвідчена дівчина, the sixty-four dollar question- найважливіше питання;
3) By a sentence or a longer explanation: white elephant - непотрібний подарунок, якого важко позбутися (більше турбот ніж користі), yes man - людина, що з усіма згоджується, a wet blanket - обставина, що розхолоджує.
Depending on the speech style, in which the idiomatic, phraseological expressions are used some above-given methods of translations and even new variants of translation may be suggested by the translator.