2. Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon.

2.1. By transcription or transliteration exclusively. The units, whose meanings are rendered at the phonological level, usually belong to genuine internationalisms. For example: New rates per word for ads in hryvnias in the Kiev Post. –

Нові тарифи на рекламу в гривнях за слово в газеті "Київ Пост".

Andrew put out some bottled beer and asked to prepare sandwiches –

Ендрю дістав кілька пляшок пива і попросив приготувати йому сендвічі.

2.2. By transcription or transliteration and explication of their genuine nationally specific meaning.

The explanation may be given either in the translated passage/speech flow or in a footnote when a lengthy explication becomes necessary:

They took her to the Tower of London - Вони показали їй стародавню лондонську фортецю Тауер.

A single policeman guards outside Downing Street -Резиденцію прем'єр-міністра Великобританії охороняє один полісмен.

But a frequent usage of footnotes should be avoided, since footnotes may divert the reader's attention from the content of the passage.

2. 3. By descriptive explaining (explication only).

A considerable number of nationally biased units cannot be rendered into the TL by means of transcription, or might bring about an ambiguity in the TL narration/text. The Tommies were numbered, formed four, right turned and marched away. -Рядових солдатів порахували, вишикували по 4, повернули праворуч і відвели геть, shepherd's pie - картопляна запіканка з м'ясом і цибулею, Union Jack - прапор Великої Британії.

2.4. By translating of componental parts and additional explication of units of the nationally biased lexicon.

The proper meaning of some specific units of the national lexicon can be rendered by way of regular translation of all or some componental parts and explication of the denotative meaning pertaining to the SL units (regular t-n of componental parts + exhaustive explanation of the essence of the specific national element). When translating at 1anguage level (out of context) the explanation may be unrestricted: bull's eyes -бичаче око (круглий великий різноколірний м'ятний льодяник), ginger ale - імбирний ель/ситро (безалкогольний (сильно) газований напій). But in the text of a translation explanations are usually given in the footnotes.

Long and very detailed explanation is not desirable .Students should not unnecessarily enlarge the explanation. Laconism should be the prevailing principle.

2.5. By ways of word- for-word or loan translation. Translated word - for - word are the specific national units of lexicon as: first reading - перше читання, secondary grammar school – середня граматична школа, щоденник учнівський - student's everyday record book, etc.

The denotative meaning may be rendered by way of loan translating as well. Thus: Salvation Army (USA, Gr. Britain) -Армія порятунку, Fan club - клуб прихильників, орден Ярослава Мудрого - the Order of Yaroslav the Wise.

The number of English genuine translation loans in Ukrainian, as well as Ukrainian in English, is considerable. So there is the number of word - for - word translations, as can be seen from some of the examples below: cornflakes - кукурудзяні пластівці; skyscraper - хмарочос; super-market - універсам; brain washing - промивання мізків; медаль за трудову доблесть -the Medal for Labor Distinction.

2.6. Translating by means of semantic analogies.

Some peculiar notions in SL and TL may be identical or analogous in their meaning and functioning. It happens due to the existence of common occupations, social services, food, etc. Sometimes they may appear as a result of direct or indirect borrowings. The City/Town Board of Education - міський відділ освіти, дипломна робота - graduation essay / project, курсова робота – term/yearly essay/project, курси вдосконалення- refresher course, підвищення кваліфікації - in - service training course, консультація - tutorial.

Sometimes translation of analogous units can be achieved only with the help of additional explications: summer school - літня школа (курс лекцій, семінарів, практичних занять для підвищення кваліфікації іноземних вчителів та студентів), caravanning - проводити літній час/відпустку, подорожуючи в будиночку - причепі).

Lecture 6

Translation of idiomatic / phraseological and

stable expressions.

1. Idiomatic or phraseological expressions, stable (set) expressions.

2. The ways of faithful rendering the idiomatic / phraseological expressions.

3. Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.

Literature used and recommended

1. Баранцев К.Т. Англо – український фразеологічний словник. – К.: Радянська школа, 1996. – 1052 с.

2. Зорівчак Р.П. Фоазеологічна одиниця як перекладознавча категорія. – Львів: Вища школа, вид.- во при Харків. ун-ті, 1983.

3. Карабан В. І. Посібник - довідник з перекладу англійської наукової і технічної літератури на українську мову. Ч. І-ІІ. -К.: Політична думка, 1997,1999, 2001.

4. Карабан В.І., Борисова О.В. Попередження інтерференції мови оригіналу в перекладі, В.: Нова книга, 2003.

5. Карабан В.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. В.: Нова книга, 2003.

7. Корунець І. В. Теорія і практика перекладу. - К.: Нова книга, 2001. - 446с.

9. Povey J., Walshe I. An English Idioms and How to Use Them. -M.: Вища школа, 1983.

1. Idiomatic or phraseological expressions are structurally, lexically and semantically fixed phrases or sentences having mostly the meaning, which is not made up by the sum of meaning of their component parts. A peculiar feature of idiomatic / phraseological expressions is their figurative, i.e., metaphorical nature and usage. It is this nature that makes them distinguishable from structurally identical free combination of words: red tape - червона стрічка, канцелярський формалізм, play with fire - гратися з вогнем, наражатися на небезпеку.

On rare occasions idiomatically bound expressions can coincide with their direct meaning: to die a dog's death – здохнути, як собака, to receive a hero's welcome – зустріти як героя. Some proper names have acquired their constant meaning and cannot be confused with usual names of people: Jack Ketch - кат, Croesus – надзвичайно багатий, Tommy Atkins - американський солдат, Yankee - американець, etc.

Idiomatic / phraseological expressions should not be mixed up with different fixed prepositional, adjectival, verbal, adverbial phrases the meaning of which is not an actual sum of meanings made up by their parts either: for the sake of, cut short, make believe, by George, or compounds like: fifty-fifty, topsy-turvy; combinations like: high and dry, cut and run, touch and go. A lot of other stable expressions can be treated as standardized collocations. They have a transparent meaning and are easier to translate than regular idioms.

Many idioms, proverbs, which have national literary images can be rendered descriptively, due to absence of similar idioms in the TL: Canterbury tale - вигадка, blue bonnet - шотландець, an odd / queer fish – дивак, to dine with Duke Humphrey – залишитися без обіду, зуби на чомусь з’їсти to have great experience in smth. None of the phraseologisms above can be translated word-for-word since their images would lose their connotative meaning in the TL.

Not infrequent the meaning of a standardized collocation (after V. V. Vinogradov) like that of a regular idiom may have synonymous single word equivalents in the TL: to make comfort - втішатися, the world and his wife - усі, to apply the screw - натиснути (на когось).

The selection of the most fitting variant of expression in the TL should be based not only on the semantic proximity of the idioms / phraseologisms but also on the similarity in their expressiveness, picturesqueness, in their basic images (so called phraseological unities): many hands make work light - де згода , там і вигода, гуртом і батька добре бити.

A number of phraseological units have a common source of origin, they are characterized by partial or complete identity: to cast pearls before swine - кидати перла перед свинями, to cherish/warm a viper in one's bosom - пригріти гадюку в пазусі. They have an international nature.

Some idioms/phraseologisms do not have traditionally established literary variant in the TL. In their rough word-for-word variant they lose their idiomatic/aphoristic nature: the moon is not seen when the sun shines - місяця не видно, коли світить сонце.

A faithful translation of phraseological/idiomatic expressions depends upon some factors the main of which are as follows:

- whether the idiomatic expression in the SL and in the TL is of the same/different source of origin ;

• whether the idiomatic expression has in the TL only one, more than one or all componential images in common;

• whether the componential images, when translated, are perceived by the TL speakers;

• whether the structural form of the idiomatic expressions can be rendered in the TL without any transformations;

• whether there exists an analogous/similar in sense idiomatic expression in the TL, etc.