- •Lecture1 The theoretical and methodological aspects of translation
- •List of literature used and recommended
- •Translation as a notion and subject. Interpretation.
- •2. The object of translation theory, the problems which the translatology studies.
- •3. Interrelation with other disciplines.
- •4. Stages of translation process.
- •5. Types of translation.
- •6. Pragmatic adaptation.
- •7. Linguistic and extralinguistic aspects.
- •8. Context.
- •Lecture 2 a short historical outline of European and Ukrainian translation.
- •List of literature used and recommended.
- •1. The earliest mentions of translation, the translation development during ancient times until 500ad.
- •2. Translation and interpretation during the Middle Ages.
- •3. Translation during the Renaissance period.
- •4. Translation during the period of classicism and Enlightenment.
- •5. The epoch of Romanticism and establishment of the principles of faithful translation in Europe.
- •6. Translation in Kyivan Rus’ during the 10th–13th centuries and in Ukraine during the 14th–16th centuries.
- •7. The Kyiv Mohyla Academy and revival of translation activities in Ukraine.
- •8. Translation during the years of Ukraine’s independence and early Soviet rule, post-war period, during the last decade of the 20th century.
- •Lecture 3 Lexicological aspects of translation. Methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •Methods and ways of translating various proper names.
- •1. Rules and methods of Romanization of different Ukrainian proper nouns.
- •2. The main rules of conveying English sounds in Ukrainian translation of proper names.
- •3. Conveying the names of companies, corporations, firms.
- •Lecture 4 Units of international lexicon and ways of rendering their meaning and lingual form.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •1. Identification of international lexicon units.
- •2. Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.
- •3. Translating of loan internationalisms.
- •Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
- •Literature used and recommended
- •4. Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •1. Units of nationally biased lexicon and ways of their translation
- •2. Ways of rendering the meaning of nationally biased units of lexicon.
- •2. The ways of faithful rendering of the idiomatic / phraseological expressions.
- •3. Transformation of some idioms in the process of translating.
- •Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •Ways and means of expressing modality in English and Ukrainian.
- •1. The lexico-grammatical expression of modality through modal verbs.
- •1.1. Can / could.
- •1.2. May / might – to be permitted / to be allowed
- •1.3. Must expresses strong obligation, duty, necessity -
- •1.4. Have to
- •1.7. Need
- •1.8. Dare
- •2. English modal verbs having not always modal verb equivalents in Ukrainian.
- •3. Ways of conveying the meaning of subjective modality.
- •4. Grammatical modality and mean of expressing it.
- •Lecture 8 Transformations in the process of translation.
- •Literature used and recommended
- •1. Бідасюк н. В., Бондар р. В. Практикум перекладу. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –431 с.
- •3. Карабан в.І. Translation from Ukrainian into English. – в.: Нова книга, 2003. –607 с.
- •Transformations in the process of translation.
- •2. Lexical, grammatical, lexico-grammatical transformations in the process of translation.
- •2.1. Grammatical transformation.
- •2.2. Lexical transformations.
- •2.3. Lexico-grammatical transformations.
- •3. Objectively and subjectively conditioned transformations of lexical units in the process of translation.
2. Ways of conveying the lexical meaning of genuine internationalisms.
2.1. Literal translating of genuine internationalisms. - letter-to-letter translation, but a letter may be dropped or added іn the TL (dentist, rector, stadium, macaroni, pizza, tango, embargo, kimono, tsunami, baobab, zebra.)
2.2. Translating via transcribing (conveying the sounding structure).
This kind of translating provides the rendition of the lexical meaning of a lot of internationalisms originating from English, French and some other 1anguages, which have their orthographic systems based on other than phonetical principles: boom, jeans, knock-out, bureau, prize, bouquet-бум, джинси, нокаут, бюро, приз, букет.
2.3. Translating by practical transcribing.
If internationalism has obtained in the TL an orthographic sounding and morphological form, which is similar to that of English, French, German, Italian, it is traditionally called " practical transcribing " or 'translator's transcription": bachelor - бакалавр, cocoa -какао, giant - гігант, hocus-pocus - фокус, mother-of-pearl -перламутр.
English international compounds can be rendered in the following ways:
with the help of corresponding compounds having the same international root morphemes as in the SL; electro biology, film-actor.
by word-combinations consisting of the same componential parts as in the internationalism English compound word: dance music - танцювальна музика, radio-active element - радіоактивний елемент.
2.4. Descriptive translating of international lexemes. Depending on the nature of the lexemes, their translation may have 2 somewhat different realizations:
the lingual form of the SL lexeme can be retained as the main lexeme of the TL word-combination: cіvilizable - те, що піддається цивілізуванню, barony - володіння барона, титул барона.
the lingual form of the internationalism is not or cannot be retained in the TL: deputize - виступати від когось, park(ing) – ставити машину на стоянку.
For the last half of the 20-th century there have appeared few stable expressions, e. g.: " Iron Curtain " (1947)," peaceful coexistence " (1950's)," Cold war " (1946, USA).
The units of genuine international lexicon are identified on the basis of their common in different 1anguages lexical meaning and identical or only similar form. Loan internationalisms - of their common sphere of use, their meaning, functional significance and partly - structural form.
The identification of monosemantic international 1anguage units is easy, but of polysemantic 1anguage signs becomes much more difficult:
Conductor
- кондуктор (gen. int )
- провідник (int. loan word)
- провід (int. loan)
- громовідвід (int. loan )
- диригент (pseudo - int )
- керівник. (pseudo- int)
Only one out of six lexemes above has a common lingual form and meaning in English and Ukrainian. Hence, one must carefully study the contextual environment of such 1anguagege signs.
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- громадський |
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- індустрія |
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- непередбачений |
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- цивільний |
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- промисловість |
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- яскравий |
Civil |
- ввічливий |
Industry |
- галузь промисловості |
Dramatic |
- раптовий |
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- чемний |
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- старанність |
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- театральний |
|
|
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- працьовитість |
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- драматичний |
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|
|
|
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- хвилюючий |
One of the meanings is genuine internationalism and the rest are pseudo-international (non - international). There are few words, which have identical form but different meaning: accurate - точний, правильний (but not акуратний), data - дані, decade -десятиріччя, decoration - нагорода, прикраса, prospect -перспектива. These words are referred as "false friends of the translator" (удавані друзі).
The lingual form of genuine international lexemes in all 1anguages is always either identical or similar. Very often they take affixes in Ukrainian: dietic- дієтичний, form - форма; some of Greek origin: analysis - аналіз, academician - академік, appendicitis -апендицит (lat).
Hence, relevant for the identification remains root morpheme. So anti-trade, arch-enemy, inventor are to be tread as non-internationalisms, pseudo- internationalisms. But, school-mate, coal-gas, washing-machine are to be defined as partly international, або газосховище, радіохвилі.
2.5. Translating by practical way of synonymous substitution.
This kind of substitution becomes possible due to the existence in the TL of internationalisms borrowed by it at different previous historical periods: athletics - гімнастика (не атлетика), diagram - схема (не діаграма), phase - період, base - фундамент (не база), committee - комісія (не комітет), national economy - народне господарство (не національна економія).