4. Complete the sentences.

1. A foundry is…

2. Metals are cast into shapes by…

3. The most common metals processed are…

4. … are also used to produce castings in foundries.

1.2 Metal and Alloy

Activity 1 Read the words and word-combinations with the translation.

electricity [ɪˌlek'trɪsɪtɪ] and heat	електрика та теплота
ionic [aɪ'ɒnɪk] bonds	іонні зв'язки
non-metals	неметали
compound [kəm'paund]	складовий; складний; складений;
alloy ['ælɔɪ]	сплав (металів)
conductivity [ˌkɒndʌk'tɪvɪtɪ]	провідність
readily ['redɪlɪ]	швидко
surround [sə'raund]	оточувати
delocalized ['ləukəlaɪz]	делокалізований
responsible [rɪs'pɒnsəb(ə)l]	відповідальний, надійний, вартий довіри
solid ['sɒlɪd]	твердий
thus [ðʌ̱s]	так, отже, таким чином; тому; так, наприклад

Activity 2 Read the following text and do activities that follow:

Metal

a) Get some information

A metal is a chemical element that is a good conductor of both electricity and heat, forms cations and ionic bonds with non-metals. In chemistry, a metal (Ancient Greek métallon, μέταλλον) is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high electrical conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions. Those ions are surrounded by delocalized electrons, which are responsible for the conductivity. The solid thus produced is held by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud, which are called metallic bonds.

b) Choose the right word or a word-combination to complete the sentences.

Electrons, electrical conductivity, metallic bonds, chemical element, ions, electricity and heat.

1. A metal is a _____ that is a good conductor of both_____.

2. In chemistry, a metal is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high_____.

3. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive _____ (ions).

4. Those ions are surrounded by delocalized _____.

5. The solid thus produced is held by electrostatic interactions between the ions and the electron cloud, which are called _____.

c) Match the items in the two columns.

1	delocalized	a	interactions
2	chemical	b	bonds
3	electrostatic	c	element
4	electron	d	electrons
5	metallic	e	cloud

Activity 3 Read the words and word-combinations with the translation.

solid	твердий (не рідкий)
solution [sə'luːʃ(ə)n]	розчин
pure [pjuə]	чистий
either ['aɪðə]	також
soft	м'який
brittle	крихкий, ламкий
reactive [rɪ'æktɪv]	реагуючий
combine [kəm'baɪn]	об'єднувати
ratio ['reɪʃɪəu]	співвідношення
modify ['mɒdɪfaɪ]	видозмінювати
propertу	властивість, якість
desirable [dɪ'zaɪ(ə)rəbl]	бажаний
resistant [rɪ'zɪstənt]	стійкий
lustre ['lʌstə]	блиск, глянець; лиск
stainless ['steɪnlɪs]	стійкий до корозії
quantity ['kwɒntɪtɪ]	кількість
commercial [kə'mɜːʃl] value ['væljuː]	комерційна цінність
carbon ['kɑːbən]	вуглець
low, mid and high carbon steels	низькі, середні і високі вуглецеві сталі
increasing	зростання
ductility [dʌk'tɪlɪtɪ]	гнучкість; ковкість; тягучість; податливість; в'язкість, еластичність
toughness	міцність
silicon ['sɪlɪk(ə)n]	кремній
chromium ['krəumɪəm]	хром
molybdenum [mɒ'lɪbdənəm]	молібден
significant [sɪg'nɪfɪkənt]	значний; важливий;
application [ˌæplɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n]	застосування, використання
wiring ['waɪ(ə)rɪŋ]	електропроводка
strength-to-weight	міцність до ваги
shield [ʃiːld]	захист
bulk cost	велика вартість
aerospace ['e(ə)rə(ʊ)speɪs]	аерокосмічний
certain ['sɜːtn]	певний

Activity 4 Read the following text and do activities that follow:

Alloy

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal. Most pure metals are too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use. Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics. The aim of making alloys is generally to make them less brittle, harder, resistant to corrosion, or have a more desirable color and lustre. Of all the metallic alloys in use today, the alloys of iron (steel, stainless steel, cast iron, tool steel, alloy steel) make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value. Iron alloyed with various proportions of carbon gives low, mid and high carbon steels, with increasing carbon levels reducing ductility and toughness. The addition of silicon will produce cast irons, while the addition of chromium, nickel and molybdenum to carbon steels (more than 10%) results in stainless steels.

Other significant metallic alloys are those of aluminium, titanium, copper and magnesium. Copper alloys have been known since the Bronze Age, and have many applications today, most importantly in electrical wiring. while the alloys of the other three metals have been developed relatively recently - chemical reactivity of these metals, requires modern electrolytic extraction processes. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are also known and valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios and, in the case of magnesium, for the ability to provide electromagnetic shielding. These materials are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost, such as in aerospace and in certain automotive applications.

Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications may contain more than ten elements.

a) Decide which of these statements are false and which are true.

1. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements.

2. Most pure metals aren`t too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use.

3. Combining different ratios of metals modifies the properties of pure metals to produce desirable characteristics.

4. The aim of making alloys is generally to have a more desirable color and luster.

5. The alloys of iron make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value.

6. Copper alloys have many applications today.

7. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are valued for their high strength-to-weight ratios.

8. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are ideal for situations where high strength-to-weight ratios are more important than bulk cost.

b) Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1	solid solution	a	бажані характеристики
2	pure metals	b	додавання
3	desirable characteristics	c	металеві сплави
4	metallic alloys	d	важливі металеві сплави
5	stainless steel	e	бездомішкові метали
6	addition	f	комерційна цінність
7	significant metallic alloys	g	міцний розчин
8	commercial value	h	стійка до корозії сталь

c) Answer the questions.

1. What is an alloy?

2. Are most pure metals too soft, brittle or chemically reactive for practical use?

3. What does combining different ratios of metals as alloys modify?

4. What is the aim of making alloys?

5. Which of metallic alloys do you know?

6. Alloys specially designed for highly demanding applications may contain more than ten elements, may not they?

d) Complete the sentences.

1. An alloy is…..

2. Most pure metals are…..

3. The aim of making alloys is…..

4. Other significant metallic alloys are…..

5. The alloys of aluminium, titanium and magnesium are…..

f) Make up the questions to the following sentences.

1. An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution.

2. The alloys of iron make up the largest proportion both by quantity and commercial value.

3. Copper alloys have been known since the Bronze Age.