1. Read the following text and do the True /False activity that follow it.

Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a wide variety of past cultures and civilizations. This includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires of the Middle East and Near East, ancient Egypt, and Anatolia (Turkey), Ancient Nok, Carthage, the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe, medieval Europe, ancient and medieval China, ancient and medieval India, ancient and medieval Japan, etc. Of interest to note is that many applications, practices, and devices associated or involved in metallurgy were possibly established in ancient China before Europeans mastered these crafts (such as the innovation of the blast furnace, cast iron, steel, hydraulic-powered trip hammers, etc.). However, modern research suggests that Roman technology was far more sophisticated than hitherto supposed, especially in mining methods, metal extraction and forging. They were, for example, expert in hydraulic mining methods well before the Chinese, or any other civilization of the time.

A 16th century book by Georg Agricola called “ De re metallica” describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores, metal extraction and metallurgy of the time. Agricola has been described as the "father of metallurgy"

f) Decide which of these statements are false and which are true.

1. Historical developments in ferrous metallurgy can be found in a wide variety of past cultures and civilizations.

2. A wide variety of past cultures and civilizations includes the ancient and medieval kingdoms and empires.

3. Many applications, practices, and devices associated or involved in metallurgy were possibly established in ancient Egypt.

4. Modern research suggests that Roman technology was far more sophisticated.

5. A 17th century book by Georg Agricola called “ De re metallica” describes the highly developed and complex processes of mining metal ores, metal extraction and metallurgy of the time.

g) Answer the questions.

1. What is metallurgy?

2. What do you know about alloys?

3. Metallurgy is commonly used in the craft of metalworking, is not it?

4. When does the first evidence of human metallurgy date from?

5. What archaeological signs do you know?

6. Can silver, copper, tin and meteoric iron also be found native, allowing a limited amount of metalworking in early cultures?

7. What was highly prized as "Daggers from Heaven"?

8. When did the technology of metallurgy begin?

9. The extraction of iron from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult, is not it?

10. When can historical developments in ferrous metallurgy be found?

11. What mining methods do you know?

12) Who has been described as the "father of metallurgy"?

Activity 2 Read the text twice and retell it.

a) Read the words and word-combinations with the translation.

foundry ['faundrɪ]	ливарне виробництво
metal castings	лиття, відливання металу
shape	форма; обрис
melting	плавлення; плавкий
a liquid ['lɪkwɪd]	рідкий; рідина
pouring ['pɔːrɪŋ]	розлив; заливання
mold	формувати
solidify [sə'lɪdɪfaɪ]	тверднути, затверднути
aluminium [ˌæljʊ'mɪnɪəm]	алюміній
steel	сталь
magnesium [mæg'niːzɪəm]	магній
tin	олово
zinc [zɪŋk]	цинк

A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal in a mold, and removing the mold material or casting after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals processed are aluminium and cast iron. However, other metals, such as bronze, steel, magnesium, copper, tin, and zinc, are also used to produce castings in foundries. In this process, parts of desired shapes and sizes can be formed.

b) Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1	silver	a	бронза
2	copper	b	метеоритне залізо
3	tin	c	мідь
4	meteoric iron	d	олово
5	bronze	e	срібло
6	aluminium	f	цинк
7	steel	g	магній
8	magnesium	h	олово
9	tin	i	алюміній
10	zinc	j	сталь

c) Answer the questions.

1. What is a foundry?

2. How are metals cast into shapes?

3. The most common metals processed are aluminium and cast iron, aren`t they?

4. Which of other metals are also used to produce castings in foundries?