Unit 1 Foundry

1.1 From the history of metallurgy.

Georg Agricola, author of De re metallica, an important early book on metal extraction

Activity 1 Read the words and word-combinations with the translation.

a domain [də'meɪn] of materials science	галузь науки про матеріали
physical and chemical ['kemɪk(ə)l] behavior of metallic elements	фізичні і хімічні властивості металевих елементів
compound [kəm'paund]	з'єднання
mixture ['mɪksʧə]	суміш
applу	застосовувати
the craft of metalworking	ремесло металообробки
evidence	свідчення, підстава, доказ
a copper axe	мідна сокира
define [dɪ'faɪn]	визначати
ongoing	безперервний
silver, copper, tin and meteoric [ˌmiːtɪ'ɒrɪk] iron	срібло, мідь, олово і метеоритне залізо
Egyptian weapons	єгипетська зброя
"Daggers from Heaven"	"Кинджали з небес"
the extraction of iron from its ore	видобуток заліза з його руди
ferrous ['ferəs] metallurgy [me'tælɜːʤɪ]	чорна металургія
sophisticated [sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd]	складний
hitherto [ˌhɪðə'tuː]	досі
hydraulic [haɪ'drɒlɪk] mining method	гідравлічний спосіб видобутку
mining metal ores	видобуток металевих руд

Activity 2 Read the following text and do activities that follow:

1. Read, translate and learn by heart.

Metallurgy is a domain of materials science that studies the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements, their intermetallic compounds, and their mixtures, which are called alloys. It is also the technology of metals: the way in which science is applied to their practical use. Metallurgy is commonly used in the craft of metalworking.

2. Read and translate the text.

The first evidence of human metallurgy dates from the 5th and 6th millennium BC, and was found in the archaeological signs of Majdanpek, Yarmovac and Plocnik, Serbia. These examples include a copper axe from 5,500BC belonging to the Vincha culture. Other signs of human metallurgy are found from the third millennium BC in places like Palmela (Portugal), Cortes de Navarra (Spain), and Stonehenge (United Kingdom). However, as often happens with the study of prehistoric times, the ultimate beginnings cannot be clearly defined and new discoveries are continuous and ongoing.

3. Read and retell the text.

Silver, copper, tin and meteoric iron can also be found native, allowing a limited amount of metalworking in early cultures. Egyptian weapons made from meteoric iron in about 3000 B.C. were highly prized as "Daggers from Heaven". However, by learning to get copper and tin by heating rocks and combining those two metals to make an alloy called bronze, the technology of metallurgy began about 3500 B.C. with the Bronze Age.

The extraction of iron from its ore into a workable metal is much more difficult. It appears to have been invented by the Hittites in about 1200 B.C., beginning the Iron Age. The secret of extracting and working iron was a key factor in the success of the Philistines.

d) Read the word-combinations with the translation.

the Middle East and Near East - Середній Схід та Близький Схід

ancient Egypt - стародавній Єгипет

Anatolia (Turkey) – Анатолія (Туреччина)

Ancient Nok - Древній Nok

Carthage - Карфаген

the Greeks and Romans of ancient Europe - греки і римляни стародавньої Європи

medieval Europe – середньовічна Європа

ancient and medieval China - стародавній і середньовічний Китай

ancient and medieval India - стародавня та середньовічна Індія

ancient and medieval Japan - стародавня та середньовічна Японія