Exercises
1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian.
including seaweeds, sponges and jellyfish; including sea urchins, frogs and turtles; to supply industries, occupations and recreation; major predators; unnatural sources of loss to living aquatic resources; to repopulate following heavy losses; environmental extremes; to harvest stocks; to adjust predatory impacts; to sacrify gain; to vary considerably; much of the product is produced at sea; offshore and near shore operations; subsistence level; lack of sophisticated economic infrastructure.
2. Translate the following word combinations into English.
применение водных ресурсов; производство ювелирных изделий, меха и сумок; живые организмы применяют для изготовления лекарств; моллюски, водоросли и губка; черепахи, лягушки, морские ежи и медузы; быть основными хищниками; вызывать множество конфликтов; по причине (из-за) хищничества и экстремальные условия среды; масштаб и степень капитализации рыболовства; продавать во всем мире; работать на прожиточный уровень; иметь рыбные ресурсы, но не иметь сложной экономической инфраструктуры; широкий спектр применений рыбных ресурсов; удаленные от берега операции высокой технологии; прибрежные операции низкой технологии; рыболовство для обеспечения прожиточного минимума или кустарное рыболовство; вызывать много конфликтов.
3. Answer the questions:
1. What is fishery?
2. What are fish and shellfish used for?
3. What do shellfish include?
4. Who has been the major predator for thousands of years?
5. What’s the sustaining principle in fisheries?
4. Translate the sentences using Passive Voice.
1. Approximately 70% of our planet is covered by salt water.
2. Waves of various heights are generated when wind blows over the surface of the water.
3. Those scientists who study the ocean are known as oceanographers.
4. Fishes and invertebrates can be carried thousands of kilometers by major ocean currents.
5. Florida lobster larvae have been found in the Gulf stream far removed from their native habitat.
6. Oxygen is added to the upper layers of the ocean through photosynthesis and by dissolution from the atmosphere.
7. Aquatic plants are produced for human consumption.
8. The seaweeds may be consumed directly by man or extracts may be obtained that become components of a variety of substances.
9. Carp culture is widely practiced in China.
10. Species being reared by aquaculturists are usually fed prepared feeds.
11. Tilapias have been introduced throughout the tropical world and in many subtropical and temperature areas.
12. Atlantic and coho salmon have been produced in net-pens in several states of the United States for a number of years.
13. United States species of marine shrimp such as the white, pink and brown shrimp were subjected to intensive study during the 1960s and 1970 s.
14. In Ecuador, where shrimp cuture has grown into a huge enterprise, post larval shrimp have been historically stocked when ponds were filled by the rising tide. Once full, gates were closed to keep water in the ponds. The shrimp were not fed or managed in any way but were harvested after a few months.
15. When temperature changes dramatically, aquatic animals are placed under stress.
5. Translate sentences using Passive Voice:
1. Рыбу применяют в первую очередь как продукт питания.
2. В настоящее время рыбу часто разделывают и обрабатывают в море.
3. Иногда сырье замораживают и продают.
4. Рыболовный промысел обеспечивающий прожиточный минимум часто называют ремеслом.
5. Рыбу сохраняют способом заморозки, консервирования, соления и копчения.
6. Рыбу классифицируют по их еде.
7. Сельдь широко распространена в Северном полушарии.
8. Рыбий жир получают из печени пикши.
9. Палтус представлен двумя видами.
10. Много пищи можно получить из океана.
11. Обмен веществ регулируется витаминами.
12. Во время вяления рыбы, ее обычно развешивают на жердях на открытом воздухе в теплую и сухую погоду.
13. Перед солением рыбу тщательно промывают, затем смешивают с солью и укладывают в контейнер.
14. Пикшу в основном ловят тралами.
15. Искусственно выращенные растения создают для потребления человека.
16. Приблизительно 70% нашей планеты покрыто соленой водой.
17. Искусственное разведение карпа практиковалось впервые в Китае 4000 лет назад.
6. Translate sentences:
1. Рыбный промысел существует много лет.
2. Помимо того, что рыба, ракообразные (crustacean), моллюски являются вкусной едой, из них делают ювелирные изделия, меха, сумки, лекарства.
3. Рыбная ловля дает людям огромное удовольствие и отдых.
4. Человек является главным хищником и потребителем водных организмов.
5. Хищничество-это, скорее правило водных экосистем, чем исключения.
6. Живые организмы имеют способность воспроизводить популяцию, но это не значит, что люди не должны регулировать уловы.
7. Summarize the text.
TEXT 2
FISHERY SCIENCE
A fishery is the combination of an aquatic resource with an organized harvest system. For both parts to remain healthy and sustainable, we must pay careful attention to the status of the resource and the level of harvest. That kind of attention is provided by fishery science. Fishery science is a multidisciplinary applied science that draws information from a number of so-called “pure” sciences in order to apply that knowledge to the solution of fishery problems. The most common fishery problem is that there aren’t enough fish for everybody. The disciplines that contribute to fishery science include biological, physical, social, mathematical and technological sciences. Fisheries is a very complex sphere and goes side by side with fields of knowledge as food technology, biochemistry, biology, the law of the sea, world marketing, aquaculture, resources management.
Answer the question. What’s fishery science?
TEXT 3
HISTORY OF FISHERIES
The practice of fishing was developed long before the practice of keeping historical records. We know that people around the world have engaged in fisheries for food, trade, ornaments and religous customs for many thousands of years. Even the relatively sophisticated practice of aquaculture of freshwater fishes has been practiced in China for over 4000 years. Numerous examples of ancient art and the long held customs of native peoples attest to the importance of fisheries to human cultures over the ages. Many native peoples from both eastern and western cultures believe that fishes and shellfishes have significance for beyond their ability to sustain human life. When some of these people speak of fish, they sound more like they are speaking of members of their own families than about things to prey upon.
It is noteworthy that in Great Britain many of the earliest examples of regulation of fishing effort dealt with recreational fisheries. Privilege and allocation of fish stocks in the American Colonies were not pressing issues due to the abundance of fishes that were initially present.
At the turn of the 20th century, the industrialization of fisheries hastened with the advent of steam-powered capture vessels. Purse seiners fished for menhaden off the U.S. Atlantic coast, trawlers fished for mixed stocks in the North Sea, and longliners fished for halibut in the North Pacific. Later developments that also had considerable industrial impact include the use of diesel-powered capture vessels with net retrieval and refrigeration systems on vessels.
With the progressing industrialization of marine fisheries in the early 1900s, evidence began to mount that fish stocks were declining under increasing fishing pressure, particularly Pacific halibut and those stocks fished by trawl in the North Sea. Concern over these fisheries led to the formation of several international fishery commissions. With the rapid industrialization of commercial marine fisheries and the use of factory methods for processing on shipboard, effective fishery management became necessary on a globe scale. Collapses among some important fisheries, including Atlantic herring, Alaska king crab, California sardines and of some others drew even more attention to the fragility of fishery stocks. The United States declared its 200 mile “Fisheries Conservation Zone” with the Fishery Conservation and Management Act (FCMA) of 1976. The FCMA created eight regional management coun-cils to oversee fisheries in the 200 mile zone and allowed foreign states to harvest on-ly those stocks present in surplus. The act also directed fishery managers to take economic, social and politic factors into account, in addition to scientific criteria, in establishing fishery policy. After 1983, the Fisheries Conservation Zone came to be known as the “Exclusive Economic Zone” or EEZ.
Vocabulary
to engage in заниматься чем-либо
relatively относительно
sophisticated сложный
native people коренное население
to attest свидетельствовать= to witness
significance значение
to sustain поддерживать
to prey on (upon) охотиться на
it is noteworthy that достойно внимания что …, следует обратить внимание
effort попытка
recreational fisheries рыбный промысел для отдыха и развлечения
allocation выделение, квота
pressing неотложный
turn рубеж
to hasten ускорять рост, процесс
advent появление, ввод
menhaden американская сельдь
longliner судно с ярусным промыслом
long-lining ярусный промысел
halibut палтус
impact влияние, воздействие
net retrieval system сетивыборочная машина
to mount появляться, накапливаться
fishery management регулирование рыбного промысла
fragility хрупкость
to oversee следить
to harvest добывать
surplus избыток, излишек
fishery manager специалист по регулированию промысла