2.8. The past perfect tense

Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в форме прошедшего времени (had) и формы причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола: I had worked, he had worked, we had worked.

Утвердительная форма	Отрицательная форма	Вопросительная форма
I had walked You had walked He had walked She had walked It had walked We had walked You had walked They had walked	I had not (hadn’t) walked You had not (hadn’t) walked He had not (hadn’t) walked She had not (hadn’t) walked It had not (hadn’t) walked We had not (hadn’t) walked You had not (hadn’t) walked They had not (hadn’t) walked	Had I walked? Had you walked? Had he walked? Had she walked? Had it walked? Had we walked? Had you walked? Had they walked?

СЛУЧАИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ:

1. Для выражения прошедшего действия, которое уже совершилось до определенного момента в прошлом.

Этот момент может быть определен

a) такими обозначениями времени, как: by 5 o’clock к пяти часам, by Saturday к субботе, by the end of the year к концу года, by that time к тому времени и т.п.

We had translated the article by 5 o’clock. Мы перевели статью к пяти часам.

By the end of the year he had learnt К концу года он (уже) научился

to speak French. говорить по-французски.

б) другим (более поздним) прошедшим действием, выраженным в Past Simple.

We couldn’t get into the house because Мы не могли попасть в дом,

I had lost the key. потому что я потерял ключ.

Ex. 98. Complete the sentences.

You went back to your home town after many years and found that many things were different.

1. My friend Henry was no longer there. He _________(go) away. __He has gone away.__

2. The local cinema was no longer open. It ________________(close) down.

3. Mr Johnson was no longer alive. He ______________(die).

4. I didn’t recognize Mrs Johnson. She ________________(change) a lot.

5. Bill no longer had his car. He _________________(sell) it.

6. Jane was no longer alone. She ________________ (marry) Steve.

7. The old local shop was no longer there. They ________________(build) a new one.

8. Mrs White was no longer blond. She _________________ (become)grey.

Ex. 99. Put the verbs in brackets into past perfect.

1. By 7 o’clock I ______________(pack) my suitcase and was ready to start.

2. Tom wasn’t at home when I arrived. He just ________________(go) out.

3. By the time I got home everybody already __________________(go) to bed.

4. Mary looked happy. She ________________(find) her ring.

5. I knew the actor well. I ___________________(see) him in many plays.

6. Jane was busy in the kitchen. She __________________(not cook) the dinner yet.

7. She told me she _________________(work) in France and Germany.

8. He ________________________(finished) his new novel by the end of the month.

9. Nick thought that his father ____________________(not come) home yet.

10. Tom ______________________(return) from the cinema by 5 o’clock.

11. Yesterday I found the book which I ___________________(lose) in summer.

12. All my friends were glad to hear that I _____________________(pass) all my exams.

Ex. 100. Put the verbs in brackets into past perfect or past simple.

1. They ______________(eat) everything by the time I ______________(arrive) at the party.

2. Last night I _____________(arrive) home at half past twelve. I ___________(have) a bath

and then I ______________(go) to bed.

3. Nobody ___________(come) to the meeting because Ann _______________(forget) to tell

people about it.

4. When the police _________________(arrive), the car _________________(go).

4. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody __________________(go) to bed.

6. All the garages ________________(close) by the time we ______________(cross) the border.

7. I _____________(try) telephoning her several times but she _______________(leave) the city.

8. When we were on holiday, the weather ___________________(be) awful.

6. The car _______________(go) when I ___________________(look) into the street.

7. You already _____________________(leave) when the trouble ___________________(start).

8. When I _______________(find) the purse, someone _______________(take) money out of it.

9. We arrived at the cinema late. The film already ___________________(begin).

10. Richard already __________________(go) when his boss ________________(call).

11. He _________________(think) that he ___________________(lose) the money.

12. Last night we ___________(go) to a football match. We _________________(take) a bus.

13. He _______________(speak) a language we never ____________________(hear) before.

14. After spending several days in Paris he ____________(feel) lonely and _________________

(not want) to return home.

Ex. 101. Use the sentences on the left to complete the paragraphs on the right. These

sentences are in the order in which they happened – so (1) happened before (2),

(2) before (3) etc. But your paragraph begins with the underlined sentence, so

sometimes you need the past perfect.

1 (1) Somebody broke into the office during the night. We arrived at work in the morning. We called the police. 2 (1) Laura went out this morning. (2) I tried to phone her. (3) There was no answer. 3 (1) Jim came back from holidays a few days ago. I met him the same day. He looked very well. 4 (1) Kevin sent Sally lots of E-mails. (2) She never replied to them. (3) Yesterday he got a phone call from her. (4) He was very surprised.

We arrived at work in the morning and found that somebody ___had broken__ into the office during the night. So we ___________ _________________. I tried to phone Laura this morning, but ________________________ no answer. She ________________________ out. I met Jim a few days ago. _____________ just ____________________ holiday. _______________________ very well. Yesterday Kevin ______________________ from Sally. He __________ very surprised. He _________________ lots of E-mails, but she ____________________________.