Exercise 2 Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian.

To take the leading place; mass freight traffic; the best indices; power consumption; environment affection; a new generation park; petrol and light oil products; train average weight; accelerated movement; considerable setback; to stand against; competitive struggle; a narrow-specialized wagon; gravitational car loading; T-shaped ingots of aluminium; atmospheric precipitation; a covered three-bunker hopper; resonant double-sided flank doors; light weight piled freights; gas liquefied under pressure; home and foreign wagon building; concentration plant; glowing coke; versatile box car.

Exercise 3 True or false?

1. Railway transport takes the leading place in the transportation system of the member-states of the CIS.

2. In spite of high level of production and high level of life, Ukraine is a country in which sea transportations are one of the main kinds of rendered by transport services.

3. Being in very hard economic conditions, car builders of the country, with definite help of “Ukrzaliznytsia”, try to stand against both North and South in the competitive struggle for the market.

4. The above given data allow to conclude, that technical level of sea vessels, being built at the Ukrainian plants nowadays, are highly competitive with the best world models.

Exercise 4 Match the following words with their definitions.

1. setback	a. opening in a door or floor, esp. one through which cargo is loaded and unloaded
2. in bulk	b. made liquid
3. hatch	c. loose, not packed in boxes, tins…; in large amounts
4. ingot	d. long, narrow, steep slope down which things may slide
5. liquefied	e. structure of boards
6. chute	f. framework with bars, pegs, etc for holding things
7. rack	g. check to progress or development
8. boarding	h. (usually brick-shaped) lump of metal, cast in a mould

Exercise 5 Make a report about the achievements of Ukrainian car builders and discuss it in your group.

Exercise 6 Write an annotation to the above given text.

PART 2

Some other types of wagons for transporting freight.

Text 1 Mechanically Refrigerated Wagons.

The most characteristic example of specialized wagons for carrying special types of freight is that of mechanically refrigerated wagons intended for carrying frozen goods. Such wagons, when there are a sufficiently large number of them, can replace refrigerator wagons for carrying foodstuffs.

The temperature controlled range of wagons includes both those with the cooling and the thermal systems for such cases when the temperature has to be raised instead of requiring refrigeration. Canadian Railways have at their disposal controlled temperature cars which maintain temperature accurately from below zero up to +75⁰ C. These perfect cars are intended for frozen food and dressed meat. Controlled air circulation virtually eliminates dehydration; they have wide doors for fork lift access.

Mechanically cooled vehicles, built at German plants, are designed for European climatic conditions, with ambient temperatures, ranging between +40⁰ C and -30⁰ C, and even these temperatures may be exceeded daily for a period of four of five hours. Transport of perishables calls for four ranges of temperature in the load space: -18⁰ C to -20⁰ C for transporting quick-frozen meat, fat, fruit or vegetables; -10⁰ C for transporting pre-cooled meat, fruit or vegetables; +2⁰ C for transporting fresh fruit or vegetables the temperature of which is up to 30⁰ C when loaded, so that within about 60 hours the goods are cooled down to +2⁰ C; and +12⁰ C for transporting goods which are susceptible to cold and must be protected from sub-zero ambient temperatures.

The four axle wagon with a capacity of 64m³ may be used as refrigerator wagon for journeys, lasting several days; and its continuous work at the extreme ambient and internal temperatures can be maintained for 120 hours. They are fully automatic in operation and do not need any maintenance and supervision. Before starting the temperature of the load space is adjusted, and automatic temperature control in each wagon maintains this temperature within narrow limits even if the variation of ambient temperature is such that changing from refrigeration to heating is required on the way.

The two refrigerating units of a four axle wagon are mounted just below roof level at both ends of the load space. They are accessible from the outside and raised platforms are provided for maintenance staff.