Study the following words and word combinations:

freight turnover	-	вантажообіг
passenger turnover	-	пасажирообіг
capital outlays	-	капітальні витрати
material capacity	-	матеріалоємність
revival	-	відродження
traffic volume	-	обсяг перевезень
to meet the demands	-	задовольнити вимогам
rolling stock	-	рухомий склад
operation rolling stock park	-	експлуатаційний парк рухомого складу
gauge	-	ширина колії
container and contrailer transportations	-	контейнерні та контрейлерні перевезення
tare weight	-	вага тари
nitrogen cooling system	-	азотна система охолодження
alert conditions	-	аварійна ситуація
“overhaul constructions”	-	безремонтна конструкція
emission of hazardous pollutants	-	викид шкідливих речовин
tractive and braking systems	-	тягові та гальмові системи

Answer the following questions:

1. What place does the railway transport play?

2. Has the process of traffic volumes extension in Ukraine begun?

3. How can you characterize the freight turnover in Ukraine?

4. What kind of rolling stock are we going to create?

5. What tasks are do we have to solve to increase the compatibility of railways?

1. in freight car building?

2. in passenger car building?

6. What must railways do first under the conditions of liberalization of transport services

PART 1

Text 1 Cars and their classification.

Car is a non-self-propelled unit of rolling stock, intended for passengers and freight transportation.

Cars are operated in complicated and severe conditions. Long distances, high average daily runs, wide range of climatic conditions change and other peculiarities of their work require the creation of highly reliable constructions with great reserve of strength, reliability and durability of assembly units.

In spite of all the variety of types and constructions, each car consists of car body, frame, running gear, automatic coupling devices and brakes.

Car body is intended for passengers and freights allocation. Car body arrangement depends upon car type. It consists of side and flank walls, floor and roof (in roofed cars).

Frame takes forces, affecting a car. It consists of longitudinal and crosscut bars, toughly connected with each other and is the understructure of a car body and in many modern constructions represents united bearing structure. Automatic coupling devices, braking equipment and assembly units which join car body with running gears are located on the frame.

Running gears serve for smooth running of a car along the track with design speed and minimal resistance. They include wheel pairs, boxes and spring suspension. If a car has four or more wheel pairs, running gears are combined into independent assembly units-bogies. According to the quantity of wheel pairs, bogies are divided into two-, three-, four- and multyaxial.

Automatic coupling device is intended for coupling cars with each other and with locomotive and also for transmission and softening of longitudinal forces effects directed from the locomotive towards the car and from one car towards the other. Modern automatic coupling devices consist of automatic coupling and absorbing device. They are mounted on each flank wall of a car.

Brake serves for deceleration of running and full stop of a car and keeping it at place. It consists of brake air distributor, ducting, compressed air tank and linkage. All the cars of the CIS are equipped with automatic brakes, and some part of them is additionally equipped with handbrakes; some passenger cars are equipped with electric pneumatic brakes. All the newly built cars on frictionless bearings are equipped with parking brake.

Cars are classified according to the number of axis (two-, four-, six-, eight- and multyaxial), size, gauge (broad-gauge, narrow-gauge), car body arrangement and material (all-metal, riveted, welded, wooden and others), operating regime (network-wide and industrial transport). The separate types of cars are classified according to the other peculiarities. So, passenger cars are divided into groups according to the installed air conditioning equipment, forced ventilation, electric or coal heating, this or that electric supply system, running gears and so on. Freight cars are distinguished according to the axle load, load per 1 meter of the track, carrying capacity, type of bogies, bearings and so on.

According to its purpose railway cars are divided into two main categories: passenger and freight.