Grammar الإرغام 1- Obligation
• تستخدم التعبيرات الاتيه لبيان الاضطرار والإرغام (must / have to (has to) ويليها فعل فى المصدر.
• I must (have to) take a taxi. I’m late.
• He must (has to) study hard for the exam tomorrow.
• النفى: ننفى هذه التعبيرات كالتالى (don’t have to /doesn’t have to/needn’t)
• I don’t have to hurry. It is still early for the meeting.
• Soha doesn’t have to worry about money as she is rich.
• وفى الماضى نستخدم had to
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• I had to wear a coat. It was raining heavily.
• وفى المستقبل نستخدم will have to
Mustn’t
• تستخدم للنهى والتحذير
• You mustn’t smoke here. It is a non smoking area.
• You mustn’t make noise in a library.
لاحظ:
• يمكن استخدام التركيب اللغوى التالى كبديل ل (must/have to/has to) والعكس وهو:
It’s necessary to + infinitive
• It’s necessary to work hard. (must) (have to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
• It’s necessary for him to travel to Aswan because his father is very ill. (must) (has to)
..……………………………………………………………………………………………
• It isn’t necessary for Hend to come early. (doesn’t have to) (needn’t)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
• وفى الماضى نستخدم It was necessary to + infinitive كبديل ل had to
• It was necessary to visit mu aunt yesterday. (had to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………….
• It wasn’t necessary for us to hurry, there was still much time. (didn’t have to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….....
المبنى للمجهول 2- passive voice
الجملة
المبنية للمعلوم تتركب كالتالى:
فاعل + فعل + مفعول subject + verb + object
• وعند التحويل للمبنى للمجهول نقوم بالاتى:
1- نحذف الفاعل من أول الجملة ونضع مكانه المفعول.
2- نأتى ب verb to be ويختلف من زمن إلى آخر.
3- فعل الجملة يتحول إلى التصريف الثالث.
4- يمكن أن نأتى بالفاعل بعد by ويمكن الاستغناء عن هذه الخطوة عند عدم وجود ضرورة للفاعل.
5- نكمل الجملة.
• ويكون صيغة الفعل فى المبنى للمجهول مع الأزمنة كالتالى:
مضارع بسيط: (am-is-are) + pp
2- ماضى بسيط: was- were + pp
3- مضارع مستمر: am-is-are+ being + pp
4- ماضى مستمر: was-were + being + pp
5- مضارع تام بسيط: has-have + been + pp
6- ماضى تام بسيط: had + been + pp
7- المستقبل والأفعال الناقصة: will-shall-can + be + pp
1- the government built many new schools all over Egypt. (Many new schools)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2- She is reading a story in the library now. (A story ..)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- the farmers haven’t planted the sugarcane yet. (The sugarcane)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- I will need to buy another bag. (Another bag)
………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- the house was being painted all the day yesterday. (They)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
1) Choose the correct answer:
1- Lots of money (spends – is spending – is spent – are spent) on great projects.
2- You (must – should – needn’t – didn’t have to) borrow money anymore as you’ve got a lot.
3- Crops must be (fed – irrigated – drunk – paid) regularly.
4- Tourism helps Egypt (carelessly – enormously – lately – early).
5- He was seriously injured and we (has to – had to – should – must) take him to hospital.
6- She (must – have got – has got – should) to look after her family.
7- A canal was (built – bought – brought – irrigated) to take water from the river to the farms.
8- (Fertile – Desert – Infertile – Salty) land produces more and better crops.
2) Re-write the following sentences using the words(s) in brackets to give the same meaning:
1- I’ll need to iron a shirt. (will be)
2- Reclaiming desert land is expensive. (It is)
3- Perhaps the man was a stranger. (been)
4- Do you have to go now? (Must)