Deduction الاستنتاج Making deduction about the past عمل استنتاج في الماضي

الاستنتاج عن أحداث ماضية

To make deduction about the past, we use:

Must have

+ past participle (التصريف الثالث للفعل)

Can't have

May have

Might have

1. Must have + p.p. = I was sure.

تستخدم عندما نميل إلى التأكد من أن شيئا ما قد حدث .

- The telephone rang, but I didn't hear it. I must have been asleep.

2. Can't have + p.p. = I was sure not.

تستخدم عندما نميل إلى التأكد بأن شيئا ما لم يحدث .

- He failed the exam. He can't have studied well.

3. May have + p.p. = I was not sure It was probable

تستخدم عندما نكون غير متأكدين من حدوث شيء ما في الماضي .

4- might have + p.p = It is possible (possibly)= I don't think so.

* She arrived late yesterday, but I didn't think so. (might)

- She might have arrived late yesterday.

Deduction in the present الاستنتاج في الحاضر

Must be = I'm sure

لا بد أن (تستخدم للاستنتاج المؤكد المثبت)

She must be a tourist. She is taking photographs and holding a camera.

Can't be = I'm sure (not)

مستحيل أن (تستخدم للاستنتاج المؤكد المنفى)

He can't be a tourist. He is wearing a galabeya.

May be = I'm not sure = perhaps = probably

ربما (تستخدم عند التعبير عن الاحتمال القوى)

She may be a tourist. I'm not sure.

Might be = I don't think so / possibly

ربما (تستخدم عند التعبير عن الاحتمال الضعيف)

She might be a tourist. I don't think so.

ادرس الروابط التالية

1-As soon as / After + ماضي بسيط ، ماضي تام

After he had watched TV, he slept.

ماضي تام before/When/by the time ماضي بسيط

Before had slept, he had watched TV.

ماضي تام until ماضي بسيط منفي

He didn't sleep until he had watched TV.

ماضي بسيط since مضارع تام

He hasn't telephoned me since he was in Alex.

2-While(as\just as) / during

ماضي بسيط + while ماضي مستمر + بينما / أثناء / خلال

While + ماضي بسيط ........ ماضي مستمر + جملة

1. he slept while he was studying his lessons.

2. We played while it was raining.

3. She arrived while we were having lunch.

4. He felt ill while he was in Alex.

ماضي بسيط+When+ماضي مستمر

ماضي مستمر+While+ماضي بسيط

Ex Tiffany was sleeping when the house caught fire.(While)

لو طلب منك استخدام While بدلاً من when والعكس ,تضع While بدلاً من when وتقلب الجمل ,وهكذا تكون إجابة السؤال السابق.

AnThe house caught fire while Tiffany was sleeping.

 ولاحظ أنه من الممكن أن يربط كلاً من الرابطين فعلين كانا يحدثان معاً في الماضي ولم يقطع أحدهما الآخر ,مثل

Ex I was watching TV. while I was eating.

During بينما / أثناء / خلال

During + اسم / v ing

1. He slept during studying his lessons.

2. We played during rain.

3. She arrived during our lunch.

4. He felt ill during being in Alex.

3-to \ in order to \ so as to +المصدر

so that +الفاعل+ can (could )+ المصدر

I study hard to get high marks .

= I study hard so that I can get high marks.

He ran fast in order to catch the bus .

= He ran fast so that he could catch the bus .

It was hot in Cairo, so he travelled to Alex. (because)

4-نتيجة + because +سبب

سبب + so +نتيجة

AnHe traveled to Alex because it was hot in Cairo.

He studies hard to (in order to) get the highest mark .(because)

إذا طلب منك استخدام because بدلا من to أو in order to فإننا نضع بعد because كلمة want to + inf .

An He studies hard because he wants to get the highest mark .

He didn't go to school because he was ill .(because of )

إذا طلب منك استخدام because of بدلاً من because فإننا نحذف فاعل الجملة ونضع للفعلing.

An He didn't go to school because of being ill.

Although he is rich, he is unhappy. (but)

5- Although + الجملة الرئيسية + جملة التناقض

الجملة الرئيسية+ but +جملة التناقض

الجملة الرئيسية+ but +جملة التناقض

جملة التناقض + Although + الجملة الرئيسية

AnHe is rich , but he is unhappy

The weather was bad , but he went out. (Although)

AnHe went out although the weather was bad .

لاحظ أن However تساوي but.

Although he is ill , he went to school.(Despite)

despite تتساوي في المعني مع although أي أنها تتدخل علي الجملة الرئيسية و لكنها تختلف عنها في أنها يأتي بعدها فعل مضاف إليه ing أو اسم و لذلك إذا عكس وضع الجملة السابقة و طلب وضع although مكان despite فيجب وضع فاعل و فعل بعد although.

Although + فاعل+ فعل , …………………

Despite + اسم (v-ing)……, ……………

AnDespite being ill , he went to school.

4- not only ………but …also..

He played well and scored a goal.

He not only played well but he also scored a goal.

6-too صفة to مصدر