9.Describe the clinical picture of tb and its treatment.

TB symptoms include: cough that is worse in the morning (sometimes with hemoptysis, blood in the sputum), chest pain, breathlessness, night sweats, and signs of pneumonia. In advanced disease, there may be extreme weight loss. 

Effective TB treatment is difficult due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of mucobacterium cell wall.The 2 antibiotics usually used are rifampicin and isoniazid.Active TB require more serious treatment using a complex of drug to reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance.

When TB can resist usual TB-medicines its called drug-resistant

Sometimes TB resist most common TB-medicines its called multi-drug resistant(MDR-TB)

Sometimes TB can resist many common TB-medicines and at least one of three injectable medicines its called extensively-drug resistant TB(XDR-TB)

AIDS

10.What is AIDS?What is AIDS caused by?

AIDS – Aquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome which is caused by HIV(Human Immunodeficiency virus).

11.When was AIDS first diagnosed?When was it caused found and whom by?

AIDS was diagnosed in the USA in 1981.It is cause was found in 1983 in France by Luc Montaquier and in 1984 in the USA by Robert Gallow.

12.What cells does HIV afflict in the human body?

The virus affects it’s target cells (T4-limfocytes macrophages neural tissue cells) they have CD4 protein antigen.

13.How many periods are there in the AIDS flow, describe them.

There are 6 periods in the AIDS flow.

The first is infection in the virus, the source might be an ill or already infected person.

The second is incubation, lasts 2-3 weeks.

The third is a so-called acute AIDS (airway inflammation allergy may occur)

The fourth – the latent or hidden period (can prolong to 15 years)

The fifth is pre-AIDS. It signs are cough fever night sweats and emaciation

The sixth its AIDS itself.

14.What are the ways of getting AIDS virus into the human body?

The ways of getting AIDS into the human body are:

• Blood preparations

• Sexual way

• Through placenta, milk and delivery waters

15.What rules should one follow to reduce the risk of infection with AIDS?

There are some rules you must follow to reduce the risk of infection with AIDS :

1. use sterile instruments

2. use condoms

3. check your sexual partner

4. check donated blood and blood preparations

16.What do you know about AIDS treatment?

Although there is no cure for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), medications have been highly effective in fighting HIV and its complications. Drug treatments help reduce the HIV virus in your body, keep your immune system as healthy as possible and decrease the complications you may develop.

Cardiovascular diseases

17.What is the structure of cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system consist of :

• heart

• blood

• blood vessels(veins capillaries arteries)

18.Speak on the heart and its structure

The heart is a muscular organ placed within the chest and included in the pericardium.

The heart consist of 2 separate chambers divided by the septum. Each of the chambers has 2 connected parts : the atrium and the ventricle

The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles.

There are 3 layers in the heart : endocardium mayocardium epicardium + ( pericardium)

19.Describe the blood circulation in the human body

Pulmonary circulation

The pulmonary circulatory system is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via thepulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cava, enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO₂ is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart.