- •Л. М. Калашникова
- •Improve your english
- •Предисловие
- •From sound to word english alphabet
- •Types of syllables
- •Basic rules of reading
- •English vowels and their combinations
- •Reading exercises pronounce correctly
- •Consonants
- •Consonants and vowels
- •2. Interrogative sentences
- •2.1. General questions
- •Is it raining? – No, it is not (isn’t).
- •2.2. Special questions
- •Вопросительные слова
- •2.3. Alternative questions
- •2.4. Disjunctive questions
- •3. Imperative sentences
- •Exercises
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Pronouns
- •I haven’t seen you for ages.
- •I agree with him.
- •It’s time for us to go.
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •Местоимения, производные от some, any, no, every
- •Полифункциональность слова that
- •Многозначное местоимение it
- •I don’t understand the rule. Explain it again.
- •It seems to me that it is time to go.
- •Exercises
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Nouns articles
- •Plural of nouns
- •Possessive case
- •1) В единственном числе путём прибавления апострофа ’ и окончания -s.
- •Exercises
- •Что едят англичане?
- •How to lay the table
- •Shopping
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
- •Двойные степени сравнения
- •Exercises
- •Seasons and weather
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Numerals
- •Frictional numerals
- •Exercises
- •Times, days, date
- •Conjugation and functions of the verb to be Основные формы: be - was/were -been
- •I was not at the concert yesterday (wasn’t). Future Indefinite
- •I shall be we shall be
- •Exercises
- •The study of an english professor
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Future Indefinite
- •Exersises
- •Jane got ill
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Modal verbs
- •I cannot (can't) explain the rule.
- •Must — долженствовать
- •Заменители глагола must:
- •Exercises
- •Magnitogorsk
- •Topical vocabulary
- •The ground forms of the verbs
- •Indefinite tenses
- •I did not ( didn' t) give my textbook to Helen.
- •Exersises
- •From the histiry of great britain
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 10
- •Present participle (participle I)
- •Функции причастия I
- •Continuous tenses
- •Основные случаи употребления Continuous Tenses
- •Exersises
- •I. Make the Present Participle from the following verbs.
- •II. Translate paying special attention to the functions of Participle I.
- •III. Make the sentences interrogative.
- •IV. Make the sentences negative.
- •V. Put the sentences into the Past and into the Future Tenses.
- •VI. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, Indefinite or Continuous.
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Passive voice
- •Indefinite Passive
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying special attention to Passive Voice.
- •VII. Make up Passive sentences out of the following words.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text paying attention to the constructions with Passive Voice. The educational system in great britain
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •X. Read the text and find out what is in common and what is different between Russian and British Universities. British universities
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 12
- •Perfect tenses
- •Времен группы Perfect
- •I shall not (shan’t) have written to my friend by the time you come.
- •I haven’t seen you for ages.
- •I have never been to London.
- •Perfect continuous
- •Future Perfect Continuous выражает длительное действие в будущем, которое начинается ранее другого действия в будущем и будет ещё совершаться в момент наступления последнего.
- •Exercises
- •I. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •VI. Read and translate the text. The russian federation
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 13
- •Complex sentences
- •Object clauses
- •I ask the flight attendant when we will arrive in New York.
- •I want to read how America was discovered. Примечание
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Indirect questions
- •Exercises
- •From the history of the usa
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 14
- •Attributive clauses
- •Adverbial clauses
- •1. Clauses of time
- •Clauses of consequence
- •7. Clauses of concession
- •It could not win the war against the combined French-American army.
- •8. Clauses of comparison
- •Exercises
- •Washington
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 15
- •The infinitive
- •Complex object
- •I heard him boasting of his education.
- •Complex subject
- •Exercises
- •British English American English
- •Musical education in the usa
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 16
- •The gerund
- •Синтаксические функции герундия и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Exercises
- •Education in canada
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 17
- •Subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •If I had had any time yesterday I should have read the book
- •Exercises
- •Australia
- •Topical vocabulary
- •New zealand
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Список использованной литературы
- •Contents
Consonants and vowels
– quick, quit, squash, square, quarter, quote, squirrel, qualification, quantity, quality, quartet, queen, quest, question, queue, quiet, quite, quittance, quota, quotation, request, require, sequence, requisite
– who, whom, whose, whole, whooping-cough
– wheat, wheel, whim, whimsical, whip, whisper, whistle, Whitsunday, whet, what, when, where, why, whale, which, while
– wrap, wreck, wriggle, wring, wrinkle, wrist, wry, writ, write, wrong, wretch, wrest, wrestling, wrath, wrench
– all, hall, wall, fall, ball, talk, walk, also, always, almost, install, walk, call, small, salt, alter, bookstall, false, waltz, walrus, stalk, stall, wallet, tall, falcon, falter
– new, news, few, Newton, steward, stewardess, newspaper, knew, nephew, stewed, newsreel, hew, anew, brandnew, dew, ewe, mildew, pew, pewter
– blew, brew, chew, clew, crew, drew, flew, grew, threw, screw
– work, word, world, worse, worst, worth, worker, workshop, worship, worthless, worm, password
– want, wand, was, wash, wasp, watch, wanton, wan, wad, waffle, Washington
– war, warder, warm, wart, wharf, reward, warn
FROM GRAMMAR TO COMMUNICATION
UNIT 1
GRAMMAR: WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SENTENCES SUBJECT OF COMMUNICATION: WE STUDY |
WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH SENTENCES
В английском языке место слова определяется его синтаксической ролью в предложении. Поэтому слова располагаются в строго определенном, «жестком» порядке. В английском предложении всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое.
1. DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
Члены предложения располагаются в повествовательных предложениях в соответствии со следующей схемой:
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
Обстоятельство |
Подлежащее |
Сказуемое |
Дополнение |
Обстоятельство |
|
My father |
reads |
newspapers |
in the evening |
Обстоятельства могут стоять в начале предложения перед подлежащими.
Cр.: In the evening my father reads newspapers.
В приведенной схеме не указано место определения. Оно, как правило, стоит перед определяемым существительным.
Cр.: We have regular rehearsals every morning.
An old man sits next to a young lady.
Обстоятельства, как правило, стоят в конце предложения в следующем порядке:
а) обстоятельство образа действия;
б) обстоятельство места;
в) обстоятельство времени.
Cр.: The child played quietly in his room yesterday.
Многие английские глаголы могут иметь наряду с прямым дополнением косвенное. Прямое дополнение отвечает на вопрос what? (что? ) или who(m)? (кого?), а косвенное дополнение, как правило, обозначает лицо и отвечает на вопрос whom? (кому?). Косвенное дополнение выражается существительным в общем падеже или местоимением в объектном падеже. Оно может стоять между глаголом-сказуемым и прямым дополнением.
Cр.: The teacher explains us a new grammar rule.
Для выделения лица, к которому обращено действие, косвенное дополнение употребляется с предлогом to и стоит после прямого дополнения.
Cр.: The teacher explains a new grammar rule to the students.
Косвенное дополнение обязательно употребляется с предлогом to и стоит после прямого дополнения, когда последнее выражено местоимением.
Cр.: I don’t understand this rule, explain it to me again.
