- •Л. М. Калашникова
- •Improve your english
- •Предисловие
- •From sound to word english alphabet
- •Types of syllables
- •Basic rules of reading
- •English vowels and their combinations
- •Reading exercises pronounce correctly
- •Consonants
- •Consonants and vowels
- •2. Interrogative sentences
- •2.1. General questions
- •Is it raining? – No, it is not (isn’t).
- •2.2. Special questions
- •Вопросительные слова
- •2.3. Alternative questions
- •2.4. Disjunctive questions
- •3. Imperative sentences
- •Exercises
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Pronouns
- •I haven’t seen you for ages.
- •I agree with him.
- •It’s time for us to go.
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •Местоимения, производные от some, any, no, every
- •Полифункциональность слова that
- •Многозначное местоимение it
- •I don’t understand the rule. Explain it again.
- •It seems to me that it is time to go.
- •Exercises
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Nouns articles
- •Plural of nouns
- •Possessive case
- •1) В единственном числе путём прибавления апострофа ’ и окончания -s.
- •Exercises
- •Что едят англичане?
- •How to lay the table
- •Shopping
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
- •Двойные степени сравнения
- •Exercises
- •Seasons and weather
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Numerals
- •Frictional numerals
- •Exercises
- •Times, days, date
- •Conjugation and functions of the verb to be Основные формы: be - was/were -been
- •I was not at the concert yesterday (wasn’t). Future Indefinite
- •I shall be we shall be
- •Exercises
- •The study of an english professor
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Future Indefinite
- •Exersises
- •Jane got ill
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Modal verbs
- •I cannot (can't) explain the rule.
- •Must — долженствовать
- •Заменители глагола must:
- •Exercises
- •Magnitogorsk
- •Topical vocabulary
- •The ground forms of the verbs
- •Indefinite tenses
- •I did not ( didn' t) give my textbook to Helen.
- •Exersises
- •From the histiry of great britain
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 10
- •Present participle (participle I)
- •Функции причастия I
- •Continuous tenses
- •Основные случаи употребления Continuous Tenses
- •Exersises
- •I. Make the Present Participle from the following verbs.
- •II. Translate paying special attention to the functions of Participle I.
- •III. Make the sentences interrogative.
- •IV. Make the sentences negative.
- •V. Put the sentences into the Past and into the Future Tenses.
- •VI. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, Indefinite or Continuous.
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Passive voice
- •Indefinite Passive
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying special attention to Passive Voice.
- •VII. Make up Passive sentences out of the following words.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text paying attention to the constructions with Passive Voice. The educational system in great britain
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •X. Read the text and find out what is in common and what is different between Russian and British Universities. British universities
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 12
- •Perfect tenses
- •Времен группы Perfect
- •I shall not (shan’t) have written to my friend by the time you come.
- •I haven’t seen you for ages.
- •I have never been to London.
- •Perfect continuous
- •Future Perfect Continuous выражает длительное действие в будущем, которое начинается ранее другого действия в будущем и будет ещё совершаться в момент наступления последнего.
- •Exercises
- •I. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •VI. Read and translate the text. The russian federation
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 13
- •Complex sentences
- •Object clauses
- •I ask the flight attendant when we will arrive in New York.
- •I want to read how America was discovered. Примечание
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Indirect questions
- •Exercises
- •From the history of the usa
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 14
- •Attributive clauses
- •Adverbial clauses
- •1. Clauses of time
- •Clauses of consequence
- •7. Clauses of concession
- •It could not win the war against the combined French-American army.
- •8. Clauses of comparison
- •Exercises
- •Washington
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 15
- •The infinitive
- •Complex object
- •I heard him boasting of his education.
- •Complex subject
- •Exercises
- •British English American English
- •Musical education in the usa
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 16
- •The gerund
- •Синтаксические функции герундия и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Exercises
- •Education in canada
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 17
- •Subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •If I had had any time yesterday I should have read the book
- •Exercises
- •Australia
- •Topical vocabulary
- •New zealand
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Список использованной литературы
- •Contents
Topical vocabulary
complaint, cough, disease, fever, frames, glasses, headache, injection, medicine, pain, pharmacy, physician, pills, poison, receptionist, scarlet fever, side, small of the back, stomach, surgery, thermometer, toothache; to complain, to examine; sharp, slight; a catching disease, gold-plated frames, heart attack, smoked glasses; to break a leg, to feel well / bad, to have an appointment (with a doctor), to have a cold, to have a sore throat, to hurt an arm, to take medicine
UNIT 8
GRAMMAR: MODAL VERBS SUBJECT OF COMMUNICATION: MY HOME TOWN |
Modal verbs
Модальные глаголы отличаются от обычных глаголов тем, что:
1) выражают не действие, а отношение к действию;
2) не употребляются самостоятельно, а всегда с другими глаголами;
3) следующий за ними глагол употребляется без частицы to;
4) не изменяются по лицам;
5) глагол-оператор do не употребляется при образовании вопросительной и отрицательной формы;
6) имеют ограниченное число временных форм.
Can — мочь, уметь
Present: He can explain the rule.
Can you explain it?
I cannot (can't) explain the rule.
Past: Не could start his work in time.
Could you start your work in time?
She could not (couldn’t) start her work in time.
Синонимом глагола саn является словосочетание to be able to ... — мочь, быть в состоянии что-либо делать. Это словосочетание может употребляться во всех временах. В будущем времени глагол can не употребляется. Значение возможности (умения) передаётся словосочетанием to be able to…
Future: They will be аblе to work on а computer.
Will they be able to work on а computer?
They will not (won't) be able to work on а computer.
May — мочь, иметь разрешение
Present: You mау use the dictionary.
May I соmе in? – No, you may not. / No, you must not.
Past: Не might look up the word in the dictionary.
Синонимом глагола may является словосочетание to be allowed to… Оно заменяет глагол maу в Future, т. к. глагол maу не имеет формы Future.
Future: You will be allowed to use the dictionary at the exam.
Must — долженствовать
Глагол имеет только одну временную форму – Present.
Present: Do it if you must.
Must I do it now?
You must not (mustn’t) do it.
Must в отрицательной форме означает запрещение на совершение какого-либо действия. Для выражения отсутствия необходимости в кратком отрицательном ответе часто вместо mustn't употребляется needn't.
Ср.: Must I do it? – No, you needn't.
Заменители глагола must:
1) have to, have got to — употребляются во всех временах.
Present: You have to learn the words.
Past:Did they have to learn the words?
Future: Уоu will not (won’t) have to learn the words.
2) be to — употребляется для выражения необходимости в силу предварительной договорённости или заранее намеченного плана.
Ср.: They are to discuss the plan at the next meeting.
3) should выражает совет, рекомендацию и переводится "следует", "следовало бы".
Ср.: You should see the doctor.
You shouldn't work so hard.
4) ought to имеет то же значение, что и should, но с большим оттенком долженствования.
Ср.: You ought to be careful.
