
- •Л. М. Калашникова
- •Improve your english
- •Предисловие
- •From sound to word english alphabet
- •Types of syllables
- •Basic rules of reading
- •English vowels and their combinations
- •Reading exercises pronounce correctly
- •Consonants
- •Consonants and vowels
- •2. Interrogative sentences
- •2.1. General questions
- •Is it raining? – No, it is not (isn’t).
- •2.2. Special questions
- •Вопросительные слова
- •2.3. Alternative questions
- •2.4. Disjunctive questions
- •3. Imperative sentences
- •Exercises
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Pronouns
- •I haven’t seen you for ages.
- •I agree with him.
- •It’s time for us to go.
- •Demonstrative pronouns
- •Indefinite pronouns
- •Местоимения, производные от some, any, no, every
- •Полифункциональность слова that
- •Многозначное местоимение it
- •I don’t understand the rule. Explain it again.
- •It seems to me that it is time to go.
- •Exercises
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Nouns articles
- •Plural of nouns
- •Possessive case
- •1) В единственном числе путём прибавления апострофа ’ и окончания -s.
- •Exercises
- •Что едят англичане?
- •How to lay the table
- •Shopping
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
- •Двойные степени сравнения
- •Exercises
- •Seasons and weather
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Numerals
- •Frictional numerals
- •Exercises
- •Times, days, date
- •Conjugation and functions of the verb to be Основные формы: be - was/were -been
- •I was not at the concert yesterday (wasn’t). Future Indefinite
- •I shall be we shall be
- •Exercises
- •The study of an english professor
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Future Indefinite
- •Exersises
- •Jane got ill
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Modal verbs
- •I cannot (can't) explain the rule.
- •Must — долженствовать
- •Заменители глагола must:
- •Exercises
- •Magnitogorsk
- •Topical vocabulary
- •The ground forms of the verbs
- •Indefinite tenses
- •I did not ( didn' t) give my textbook to Helen.
- •Exersises
- •From the histiry of great britain
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 10
- •Present participle (participle I)
- •Функции причастия I
- •Continuous tenses
- •Основные случаи употребления Continuous Tenses
- •Exersises
- •I. Make the Present Participle from the following verbs.
- •II. Translate paying special attention to the functions of Participle I.
- •III. Make the sentences interrogative.
- •IV. Make the sentences negative.
- •V. Put the sentences into the Past and into the Future Tenses.
- •VI. Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense, Indefinite or Continuous.
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Passive voice
- •Indefinite Passive
- •V. Read and translate the sentences paying special attention to Passive Voice.
- •VII. Make up Passive sentences out of the following words.
- •VIII. Read and translate the text paying attention to the constructions with Passive Voice. The educational system in great britain
- •IX. Answer the following questions.
- •X. Read the text and find out what is in common and what is different between Russian and British Universities. British universities
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 12
- •Perfect tenses
- •Времен группы Perfect
- •I shall not (shan’t) have written to my friend by the time you come.
- •I haven’t seen you for ages.
- •I have never been to London.
- •Perfect continuous
- •Future Perfect Continuous выражает длительное действие в будущем, которое начинается ранее другого действия в будущем и будет ещё совершаться в момент наступления последнего.
- •Exercises
- •I. Read and translate the following sentences.
- •VI. Read and translate the text. The russian federation
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 13
- •Complex sentences
- •Object clauses
- •I ask the flight attendant when we will arrive in New York.
- •I want to read how America was discovered. Примечание
- •Sequence of tenses
- •Indirect questions
- •Exercises
- •From the history of the usa
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 14
- •Attributive clauses
- •Adverbial clauses
- •1. Clauses of time
- •Clauses of consequence
- •7. Clauses of concession
- •It could not win the war against the combined French-American army.
- •8. Clauses of comparison
- •Exercises
- •Washington
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 15
- •The infinitive
- •Complex object
- •I heard him boasting of his education.
- •Complex subject
- •Exercises
- •British English American English
- •Musical education in the usa
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 16
- •The gerund
- •Синтаксические функции герундия и способы его перевода на русский язык
- •Exercises
- •Education in canada
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Unit 17
- •Subjunctive I
- •Subjunctive II
- •If I had had any time yesterday I should have read the book
- •Exercises
- •Australia
- •Topical vocabulary
- •New zealand
- •Topical vocabulary
- •Irregular verbs
- •Список использованной литературы
- •Contents
Plural of nouns
Множественное число существительных образуется прибавлением суффикса –s / -es, который произносится как:
[s] – после глухих согласных,
cр: books, notes
[z] – после гласных и звонких согласных,
cр: lectures, lessons
[ız] – после шипящих и свистящих [s], [∫], [ts], [G], [z], [ks],
cр: pages, watches.
Если существительное в единственном числе оканчивается на гласную –y, то во множественном числе она меняется на i + es.
Cр.: property – properties, lady – ladies
Если существительное в единственном числе оканчивается на гласную –o, то во множественном числе добавляется -es.
Cр.: hero – heroes, potato – potatoes
Если существительное оканчивается в единственном числе на f / fe, то во множественном числе “f” меняется на “v” и добавляется -(e)s.
Cр.: shelf – shelves, wife – wives
Следует запомнить также:
man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, tooth – teeth, mouse – mice, child – children, ox – oxen, datum – data, basis – bases, phenomenon – phenomena, father-in-law – fathers-in-law и др.
Некоторые существительные не имеют множественного числа.
Cр.: advice (a piece of advice), information, knowledge, furniture, luggage, news, sugar, love, money и т. д.
Некоторые существительные не имеют единственного числа.
Cр.: people (sing. person), trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, police (are),
glasses = spectacles, contents, riches, wages и т. д.
У некоторых существительных формы единственного и множественного числа совпадают.
Cр.: sheep – sheep, fish – fish, swine – swine, deer– deer
Possessive case
Существительное в притяжательном падеже служит определением к другому существительному, обозначает принадлежность и отвечает на вопрос whose? (чей?).
Притяжательный падеж образуется:
1) В единственном числе путём прибавления апострофа ’ и окончания -s.
Cр.: our teacher’s lecture, Nancy’s beauty
Окончание притяжательного падежа читается так же, как суффикс множественного числа.
2) во множественном числе путём прибавления одного апострофа ’.
Cр.: the students’ scholarship
Если существительное во множественном числе не оканчивается на -s, то притяжательный падеж образуется как у существительных в единственном числе.
Cр.: the children’s pictures
Эквивалентом притяжательного падежа является сочетание существительных с помощью предлога of.
Cр.: the symphony of the composer, the violin of the master
Exercises
I. Fill in the blanks with the articles where it is necessary.
MEALS
I usually have ¼ four meals ¼ day. In ¼ morning I have ¼ breakfast. At ¼ University I have ¼ lunch. At ¼ home I have ¼ dinner and in ¼ evening I have ¼ supper. Besides, I like to eat ¼ apple or ¼ banana, or to drink ¼ glass of ¼ juice between meals. Yesterday I had ¼ potatoes with … meat, ¼ cheese sandwich and ¼ cup of tea for … breakfast. At the University I had ¼ piece of pie and ¼ glass of orange juice. When I came ¼ home I was rather hungry. My mother cooked ¼ cabbage soup, ¼ roast chicken and ¼ rice and made ¼ tea. I ate everything with ¼ pleasure. For ¼ supper we had ¼ pancakes with ¼ jam and ¼ sour cream. These are my favourite things. I have ¼ sweet tooth, so I often buy ¼ ice-cream, ¼ sweets, ¼ chocolate, ¼ cakes and ¼ other tasty things.
II. Answer the following questions.
1. How many meals do you have a day? 2. Where do you have breakfast? 3. Do you have any lunch? 4. Do you have dinner at the canteen? 5. Do you have supper at home? 6. What do you usually have for breakfast? 7. What do you usually have for lunch? 8. What do you usually have for dinner? 9. When do you usually have supper? 10. What do you eat when you are very hungry? 11. What do you like to drink when you are thirsty? 12. Do you like fruit and vegetables? 13. Do you agree to the proverb “An apple a day keeps the doctor away”? 14. What special dishes do you cook if you are expecting guests? 15. Do you like cooking? 16. What do you prefer for the sweet?
III. Translate into English using the words given below.