Step 1 Fishing methods (Speaking-Reading- Speaking- Writing)

1.1. Read and pronounce correctly the following words:

Trawlers, demersal, bycatch, turtles, purse-seine, pelagic, crustaceans, drawstring, biodiversity, whales, salmon, invertebrate, tunas, mackerels, anchovies.

1.2. Read correctly and try to guess the meaning:

Commercial, dolphins, tunas, moratorium, genetic engineering, anchovies, sardines, migrate, mollusks, mackerels, lobster, carp.

1.3. Words for the text comprehension:

Trawler	траулер
Net	сітка
To drag	тягнути
Bycatch	вилов сторонніх гідро біонтів
Seal	тюлень
Turtle	черепаха
Purse-seine fishing	вилов риби невідом
Pelagic fish	пелагічна риба
Drawstring	мотузка, яка затягує мішок
To trap	ловити
Flatfish	риби із сплющеною формою тіла
Demersal fish	демерсальна риба
Sole	камбала
Flounder	камбала
Carnivore	мясоїдний
Halibut	палтус
Long-line fishing	ярусний вилов риби
Fish school	косяк
Whale	кит
Hook	гачок
Drift-net fishing	дрифтерний вилов риби
Filament gill	зяберна пелюстка
Fish farming	вирощування, розведення риби
Mammal	ссавець
Biodiversity	біорізноманіття
Fish ranching	пасовищна форма вирощування риби
Crossbreeding	схрещування

1.4. Read and translate text A. Describe the following fishing methods:

1. trawler fishing,

2. purse-seine fishing

3. long-aiming fishing,

4. drift-net fishing

Text A

Fishing methods. The commercial fishing industry has developed a variety of methods in order to catch marine species. Trawlers are fishing boats that drag large nets across the ocean floor. These nets catch the desired fish, but they also damage ocean habitats and capture huge quantities of bycatch, unwanted species that have little commercial value. Bycatch include species such as dolphins, seals, sea turtles, and it amounts to almost one-third of total world catch each year. Purse-seine fishing is another method used by commercial fishermen. It is used mainly to catch large pelagic species such as tuna. The purse-seine net surrounds the fish and close like a drawstring in order to trap them. In the Pacific Ocean these nets have killed large numbers of dolphins, which often swim directly above the schools of tuna. The third method is long-lining, in which ships send out fishing lines up to eighty miles long. These lines are hug with thousands of bated hooks, and they sometimes catch dolphins, pilot whales, sea turtles and sea birds by accident. Finally, drift-net fishing used nets made of invisible filament mesh in order to catch and hold fish by their gills. These nets catch almost anything that comes in contact with them, resulting in the unwanted capture and sometimes death of marine mammals, turtles and seabirds. In 1993, the United Nations ordered a moratorium, or suspension, of large-scale drift-netting. This moratorium has significantly reduced the practice of drift-net fishing, but smaller drift-nets are still being used frequently in coastal waters. Aquaculture can be used to effectively remove pressure from overharvested fisheries and in doing so it can help to sustain marine biodiversity. Some other advantages of aquaculture include a high harvesting efficiency with no bycatch, a high yield of fish in a small volume of water, and the use of crossbreeding and genetic engineering in order to further increase yields.

Comprehension Check-Up