1. Read the text

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN FOREST SERVICE

1. The success of an organization depends on the capacities and capabilities of its personnel. Unless an organization devotes enough resources on the development of its human resource, it would not get the required output from its personnel. An organization's commitment to the development of human resource has to be reflected in its policies, procedures, practices.

2. Regular annual recruitment to the service is done through a separate all India competitive examination open to only graduates from science and technology backgrounds. The number of candidates recruited fluctuates from year to year. There had been heavy intake to the service from 1984 to 1987, when about 600 candidates were selected for appointment.

3. The syllabus and pattern of framing is reviewed after about a decade. Such revision is necessary to keep the training process up to date, improve its quality and meet new challenges. The present of training was introduced during 1994 and which consisted of the five phases during the probation period of three years. The five phases included are the foundational course, «on-the-job training» of the probationer, an advanced management phase. During the course, 34 subjects with 1418 classroom lectures, and field exercises are covered. About 180 days are spent on field tours to different parts of India.

4. Since 1986, the Government of India has been enhancing the efforts of the State Governments for capacity building of Indian Forest Service officers through sponsoring of short-term refresher courses for officers of various seniorities. State governments also organize courses for participation in various short-term refresher courses within India and abroad. From 1998 to 2004, Government of India have decided to regularly organize short duration (23 weeks) promotion linked training courses on 'Advanced Forest Management' (AFM) for the officers in their 10^th, 17^th, and 21^st years of service.

2. Translate the following words and word combinations:

To devote resources; annual recruitment; science and technology background; advanced management phase; probation period; field tours; short-term refresher courses; short duration promotion training courses.

3. Answer the following questions:

1. Does the success of an organization depend on the capabilities of its personnel?

2. Does the number of candidates recruited from year to year?

3. When had there been heavy intake to the service?

4. How many phases are there during the probation period? What are they?

5. Do the state governments organize courses for participation in various short-term refresher courses within India and abroad?

Text XI

1. Read the text

MARKETS

1. The function of a market requires that both parties expect to become better off because of the transaction. Markets are efficient when the price of a good or service attracts as much demand as the market can currently supply. The chief function of a market is to adjust prices to accommodate fluctuations in supply and demand. An economic system in which goods and services are exchanged by market functions is called a market economy. An alternative economic system in which non-market forces determine prices is called planned economy or command economy. The attempt to combine socialist ideals with the incentive system of a market is known as market socialism.

2. There are various types of markets and organizational structures to assist their functions. A market can be organized as an auction, as a shopping center, as a complex institution such as a stock market and as an informal discussion between two individuals.

3. In economics, a market that runs under «laissez-faire» policies is a free market. It is «free» in the sense that the government makes no attempt to intervene through taxes, subsidies, minimum wages, price ceilings, etc. Markets may be distorted by a setter or sellers with monopoly power, or a buyer with monopoly power. The level of organization or negotiation power of buyers, markedly affects the functioning of the market. Markets where price negotiations do not arrive at efficient outcomes for both sides are said to experience market failure.

4. Statewide laws and regulations regulate most markets. While barter markets exist, most markets use currency or some other form of money. Markets of varying types can spontaneously arise whenever a party has interest in a good or service that some other party can provide. There can be black markets, where a good is exchanged illegally and virtual markets, such as eBay in which buyers and sellers do not physically interact. There can also be markets for goods under a command economy despite to repress them.