Infinitive as Object
As object the Infinitive is used after many verbs, but not all of them.
Here is a list of some most frequently used of these verbs:
to agree – соглашаться
to arrange – договариваться
to ask – (по)просить
to begin – начинать
to continue – продолжать
to decide – решать
to demand – требовать
to desire – желать
to expect – надеяться
to fail – не суметь
to forget – забывать
to hate – ненавидеть
to hope – надеяться
to intend – намереваться
to like – любить, нравиться
to love – любить, желать
to manage – удаваться
to mean – намереваться
to prefer – предпочитать
to promise – обещать
to remember – помнить
to seem – казаться
to try – стараться, пытаться
to want – хотеть.
to hesitate – не решаться
He asked to change the ticket.
She began to talk.
He continued to write.
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She likes to sing.
They managed to do it.
Try to understand me.
I want to use your dictionary.
As object the Infinitive is also frequently used in the combination link
verb to be (am/is/are…) + adjective + Infinitive
He is afraid to miss the train.
He will be crazy to do that.
I am sorry to keep you waiting.
(Извините, что вам пришлось
(Он будет сумасшедшим, если ждать.)
сделает это.)
I’m glad to help you.
(I’m) Pleased to meet you.
He is ready to go there.
I am very glad to be invited to
your party.
(Я очень рад, что приглашен на
вашу вечеринку.)
There also exist Infinitival constructions :
I want him to come in time. (Я хочу, чтобы он пришел вовремя.)
(Complex Object)
He is known to be a good writer. (Complex Subject)
It is easy for Sarah to cook. (For-to-Infinitive construction)
Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier
In this function the Infinitive may indicate
– purpose (answers the question why?):
He stopped to speak to Mary.
(Он остановился, чтобы поговорить с Мэри.)
I have come here to meet her.
(Я пришел сюда, чтобы встретиться с ней.)
We had a swim so as to cool off .
(Мы искупались, чтобы охладиться.)
I went in to see if they were ready.
(Я вошел, чтобы посмотреть, готовы ли они.)
I hired a taxi so as not to miss the train.
(Я взял такси, чтобы не опоздать на поезд.)
– result (used with 'too' and 'enough')
He is too lazy to get up early.
(Он слишком ленив, чтобы вставать рано.)
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He is too young to understand it.
It was too late to come back .
She is old enough to go to work.
(Она (уже) достаточно взрослая, чтобы идти работать.)
She clever enough to understand this material.
TASKS
Task 1. Give all forms of the following infinitives:
To lose, to choose, to sew, to tear, to rise, to fall, to fail, to stat, to
sleep, to make, to send.
Task 2. Translate into English:
Я рад – его встретить, что встретил его, что меня всегда
встречают, что меня встретили, что встречают его в эту минуту,
что меня встретят.
Task 3. Say it shorter by using the Infinitive as part of Complex
Object:
They heard how she screamed.
She saw that his face expressed hopeless misery.
She didn’t hear how the tutor repeated the question.
I saw that he entered the lab.
Peter heard that she asked for permission to leave.
Task 4. Find infinitives in the texts about the World Bank Group ,
define their forms and functions.
Task 5. Pick up any sentence from the texts and paraphrase it using
the Infinitive.
PART 2. GERUND
The Gerund like the Infinitive combines verbal and nominal
characteristics, but it is more nominal in nature.
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Verbal characteristics
The Gerund has the categories of
secondary tenses (perfect, non-perfect),
voice (active, passive).
Unlike the Participle, the Gerund is used after prepositions:
– before reading, by asking
and may be determined by possessive pronouns and nouns in the
Genitive case:
– their singing – их пение
– my friend’s reading – чтение моего друга
– Helen(’s) coming – приезд Хелен
Nominal Characteristics
The Gerund has syntactical function those of the noun:
– subject: Smoking is bad for health. It’s no use waiting any more.
(Бесполезно ждать больше.)
– predicative: His hobby is collecting stamps.
– object: She likes skiing.
– attribute: There was little hope of finding the man. (Было мало
надежды найти этого человека.) They gave up the idea of selling
their car.
– adverbial modifier:
of time: On coming home from school I have dinner. He
called me before leaving.
of cause: He caught cold through getting his feet wet. (Он
простудился из-за того, что промочил ноги.)
of manner, attending circumstances and condition: By doing
that you’ll save a lot of time. Mr Brown went out without
saying a word. Instead of stopping the rain increased.
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Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
|
|
|||
Indefinite |
Perfect |
Indefinite |
Perfect |
|
|
|
telling |
having told |
being told |
having been told |
|
|
|
driving |
having driven |
being driven |
having been driven |
|
|
|
Gerund as Object
There are verbs in English after which only the Gerund can be used:
to admit – допускать,
признавать
to avoid – избегать
to delay – откладывать
to deny – отрицать, отвергать
to dislike – не нравиться
to enjoy – наслаждаться,
нравиться
to escape – убегать
to excuse – извинять(ся)
to finish – закончить
He avoided looking at us.
We finished dressing.
to forgive – прощать, извинять
to imagine – воображать
to mention – упоминать
to mind – возражать (в
вопросах и отрицаниях)
to miss – упустить
to postpone – откладывать
to risk – рисковать
to stop – прекращать
to suggest – предлагать
to understand – понимать, etc.
I don’t mind doing it for you.
Stop laughing.
Only the Gerund can also be used after these phrasal verbs and verbal
phrases:
to burst out - разразиться
to give up – прекращать
to go on – продолжать
to keep (on) – продолжать
to put off – отложить
can’t help – не могу не, нельзя не…
can’t stand – не могу терпеть…
They burst out laughing.
(Они разразились смехом.)
He gave up smoking.
They went on eating.
I cannot help asking.
(Я не могу не спросить.)
Go on reading.
There are verbs after which we can use either the Infinitive or Gerund:
to attempt – пытаться
to begin – начинать
to continue – продолжать
to forget – забывать
to hate – ненавидеть
to intend – намереваться
to like – нравиться
to love – любить
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to need – нуждаться
to prefer – предпочитать
to propose – предлагать
to refuse – отказываться
to remember– помнить
to require – требоваться
to try – стараться
to start – начинать
to regret – сожалеть
The children began playing (to play).
Please continue writing (to write).
She likes travelling (to travel).
They hate to work (working).
What to use: Infinitive or Gerund?
The Infinitive usually denotes a shorter, more specific action, while the
Gerund an action in progress, a more general action:
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Gerund |
Infinitive |
|
He began working for this company in 1995. |
He began to work an hour ago. |
|
I prefer going by air. – Я предпочитаю летать самолетом. |
I prefer to go by air. – Я предпочитаю лететь самолетом. |
|
Try standing up. – Попробуй стоять. |
Try to stand up. – Попробуй встать. |
|
I like his being nice to you. – Мне нравится, что он хорошо к тебе относится. |
I (would) like him to be nice to you. – Я хотел бы, чтобы он к тебе хорошо относился. |
|
I regret telling her what… – Я сожалею, что уже сказал ей о том, что… |
I regret to tell you that… – К сожалению, я должен сказать вам, что… |
|
I forgot answering his letter. – Я забыл, что уже ответил на его письмо. |
I forgot to answer his letter. – Я забыл ответить на его письмо. |
|
I remember seeing you somewhere. – Я помню, что уже видел вас где-то. |
I remember to see you soon. – Я помню, что мне нужно увидеться с вами вскоре. |
|
He stopped reading the notice. – Он перестал читать объявление. |
He stopped to read the notice. – Он остановился, чтобы прочитать объявление. |
|
As it has been mentioned above, the Gerund is used after prepositions,
including also verbs that are always followed by certain prepositions:
to agree on/to – соглашаться с
to complain of – жаловаться на
to consist in – заключаться в
to count on/upon –
рассчитывать на
to depend on – зависеть от
to feel like – хотеть, собираться
to hear of – слышать о
to insist on – настаивать на
to keep from – удерживать от
to look forward to – предвкушать
to object to – возражать
против
to persist in – упорно
продолжать…
to result in – иметь
результатом
to speak of – говорить о
to succeed in – удаваться
to suspect of – подозревать в
to thank for – благодарить за
to think of – думать о, etc.
to look like – выглядеть как
She didn’t agree to coming here.
(Она не согласилась на то, чтобы прийти сюда.)
I don’t feel like working.
(Что-то мне не хочется работать.)
He is looking forward to seeing her.
(Он с нетерпением ждет встречи с ней.)
Thank you for calling.
We think of going there.
the combination to be (am, is, are…) + adjective or participle with
of, for, at:
to be afraid (of) – бояться чего-л.
to be ashamed (of) – стыдиться чего-л.
to be engaged in – быть занятым чем-л.
to be fond of – любить что-л.
to be good at – быть способным к
to be interested in – интересоваться
to be pleased (at) – быть довольным
to be proud (of) – гордиться чем-л.
to be sorry (for) – сожалеть
to be surprised (at) – удивляться чему-л.
to be tired of – уставать от чего-л.
to be used to – привыкать к, и др.
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He was afraid of missing his train.
I’m pleased at your coming. (Мне приятно, что вы пришли.)
(I’m) Sorry for disturbing you. (Извините за беспокойство.)
I’m tired of waiting.
He is used to living with his parents.
(Он привык жить с родителями.)
In the given list there are some phrases with prepositions taken in
brackets. After these, we can use the Infinitive also:
They were ashamed to be late. or They were ashamed of being late.
TASKS
Task 1. Give all possible forms of the Gerund of the following verbs:
To burst, to send, to rise, to lay, to raise, to lose, to draw, to run, to
drink.
Task 2. Change the sentence so as to use the Indefinite Gerund
Passive:
He is fond of telling such stories.
They like inviting people to their place.
I hate interrupting people when they speak.
I am against helping him.
Task 3. Find sentences with the Gerund in the texts about the World
Bank Group and translate these sentences into Russian. Define the
functions of these gerunds in the sentence.
Task 4. Make up your own sentences using these models:
Mind/ like/ hate/ avoid doing sth
Way/ intention/ purpose/ difficulty of doing sth
Think of/ object to doing sth
To be used to doing sth
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PART 3. PARTICIPLE
The Participle has two major forms: present and past. The Present
Participle is called Participle I (going). The Past Participle is referred to
as Participle II (gone). The Participle combines verbal, adjectival and
adverbial characteristics.
The Participle I has the categories of
secondary tenses (perfect, non-perfect),
voice (active, passive).
The Participle II is unchangeable: done, made, sung, etc.
The Participle can function as:
– attribute: A broken cup lay on the floor. I looked at the dancing girl.
– adverbial modifier:
of time: Travelling in Africa, he saw a lot of interesting
things. When asked (=when he was asked), he looked at us
and was silent.
of manner:They passed me talking loudly.
of attending circumstances: John came in, carrying his
suitcase.
of cause: Being tired (=As he was tired), he went home.
Frightened by the dog, the child began to cry.
of condition: They will leave, unless stopped.
There also exist Participial constructions:
They were seen shopping. (Complex Subject)
I saw her standing there. (Complex Object)
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Active Voice |
Passive Voice |
|||
Indefinite |
Perfect |
Indefinite |
Perfect |
|
taking |
having taken |
being taken |
having been taken |
|
asking |
having asked |
being asked |
having been asked |
|
TASKS
Task 1. Practice the forms of the participle of the following verbs
according to the table: to lie, to build, to sew, to offer, to arrange, to
feel, to read, to leave, to wear.
Task 2. Find sentences with the Participle in the texts about the
World Bank Group and translate these sentences into Russian.
Define the functions of these participles in the sentence.
Task 3. Use these structures in a dialogue (change the content if
necessary).
I watched the snow falling.
Yesterday I had my tooth examined.
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MODULE 4
INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER
OF COMMERCE
www.iccwbo.org
a. An Overview of ICC
1. The International Chamber of Commerce
2. An overview of ICC
3. The History of ICC
b. Rendering Activity
1. Effective technology development and deployment
is key to meeting climate change
2. World business urges multiple solutions to increase
agricultural productivity, while protecting
biodiversity
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AN OVERVIEW OF ICC
Promoting world trade
The International Chamber of Commerce
The World Business Organization
ICC is the world business
organization, a representative body
that speaks with authority on behalf of
enterprises from all sectors in every
part of the world.
The fundamental mission of ICC is to
promote trade and investment across
ICC Secretary General Guy Sebban
and UN Secretary General Ban Ki-
moon
frontiers and help business
corporations meet the challenges and
opportunities of globalization. Its
conviction that trade is a powerful force for peace and prosperity dates
from the organization’s origins early in the last century. The small
group of far-sighted business leaders who founded ICC called
themselves “the merchants of peace”.
ICC has three main activities: rules-setting, arbitration and policy.
Because its member companies and associations are themselves
engaged in international business, ICC has unrivalled authority in
making rules that govern the conduct of business across borders.
Although these rules are voluntary, they are observed in countless
thousands of transactions every day and have become part of the fabric
of international trade.
ICC also provides essential services, foremost among them the ICC
International Court of Arbitration, the world’s leading arbitral
institution. Another service is the World Chambers Federation, ICC's
worldwide network of chambers of commerce, fostering interaction
and exchange of chamber best practice.
Business leaders and experts drawn from the ICC membership
establish the business stance on broad issues of trade and investment
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policy as well as on vital technical and sectoral subjects. These include
financial services, information technologies, telecommunications,
marketing ethics, the environment, transportation, competition law and
intellectual property, among others.
ICC enjoys a close working relationship with the United Nations and
other intergovernmental organizations, including the World Trade
Organization and the G8.
ICC was founded in 1919. Today it groups hundreds of thousands of
member companies and associations from over 130 countries. National
committees work with their members to address the concerns of
business in their countries and convey to their governments the
business views formulated by ICC.
Copyright © 2007
International Chamber of Commerce
TASKS
Task 1. Transcribe and translate the following words:
Voluntary, association, arbitral, committee, merchant.
Task 2. Find in the text the English equivalents of these bits of the
Russian translation:
1. представительный орган;
2. содействовать внешней торговле и капиталовложению;
3. решать трудности и пользоваться возможностями,
предоставляемыми глобализацией;
4. дальновидные руководители;
5. стать частью международной торговли;
6. обсуждать / рассматривать / решать проблемы/ задачи
организации;
7. формировать деловую позицию по широкому кругу
вопросов торговли и политики капиталовложения.
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Task 3. Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases
within the text:
arbitration;
unrivalled authority;
transaction;
business stance.
Task 4. Insert the appropriate prepositions and articles where
necessary:
1. ___ ICC is ___ world business organization, ___ representative
body that speaks ___ authority ___ behalf ___ enterprises ___ all
sectors ___ every part ___ ___ world.
2. Business leaders and ___ experts drawn ___ ___ ICC
membership establish ___ business stance ___ broad issues ___
trade and investment policy ___ well ___ ___ vital technical and
___ sectoral subjects.
3. ___ ICC enjoys ___ close working relationship ___ ___ United
Nations and ___ other intergovernmental organizations,
including ___ World Trade Organization and ___ G8*.
4. National committees work ___ their members to address ___
concerns ___ business ___ their countries and convey ___ their
governments ___ business views formulated ___ ___ ICC.
Task 5. Compose five sentences with the new vocabulary from
exercises 2, 3.
Task 6. Answer the questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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What is ICC?
What is its fundamental mission?
What are the three main activities of ICC?
Why has ICC the right to make rules that are observed in
transactions all over the world?
What essential services does ICC provide?
What technical and sectoral subjects are discussed by business
leaders and experts drawn from the ICC membership?
What organizations does ICC cooperate with?
How do national committees pertaining to ICC work?
Task 7. Comment on the statement:
Trade is a powerful force for peace and prosperity.
Task 8. Tell what you have learnt about the ICC.
AN OVERVIEW OF ICC
ICC operates today with the same belief that drove its founding fathers
to create the organization in 1919 – namely, that business should take
the initiative to address some of the major challenges facing economies
around the world. The members of the world business organization are
companies and associations engaged in international business. They are
champions of the market economy system – of open markets and rules-
based trade and investment. ICC is the premier provider of services to
world business, operating through its policy commissions, special
projects and specialized divisions.
Policy commissions
Much of ICC’s work is rooted in producing rules and guidelines to
facilitate international trade, which is done through specialized
working bodies known as commissions. Consisting of business experts
drawn from the membership, the commissions also elaborate policy on
major issues that affect business globally.
Special projects
BASCAP: Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy is a
coalition of ICC member companies and trade associations actively
engaged in a set of projects designed to protect intellectual property
rights and stop the spread of counterfeit products.
BASIS: Business Action to Support the Information Society is the voice
of world business on Internet governance issues and information and
communications technologies.
Specialized divisions
ICC’s Dispute Resolution Services: The world’s most respected system
of commercial dispute resolution, including the ICC International
Court of Arbitration. ICC’s Institute of World Business Law provides
training and the exchange of knowledge and expertise in international
127
arbitration and commercial law.
ICC Events: Staging conferences, workshops and seminars on issues
vital to international business practitioners.
ICC Publications: Producer of quality business titles.
ICC World Chambers Federation (WCF): The world’s largest network
of chambers of commerce; administers the ATA Carnet system,
facilitating the temporary admission of goods across borders.
ICC Commercial Crime Services (CCS): Crime prevention for business
– fighting maritime piracy, financial fraud and counterfeiting.
National Committees
In 90 of the world’s nations, members have established formal ICC
structures called national committees. In countries where there is no
national committee, companies and organizations such as chambers of
commerce and professional associations can become direct members.
ICC has unrivalled access to national governments through its network
of national committees.