Unit 9 Food and Meals

1. Read and learn the following words and word combinations:

living organisms – живі організми;

nutrition – годування; харчування; живлення;

animal or plant origin – тваринного або рослинного походження;

to undergo (underwent, undergone) – зазнавати, зно́сити;

palate – піднебіння;

palatability – апетитність; смак;

spice – спеція, приправа;

to spice – приправляти: What can I use to spice up this dull meal?

cereal – крупа;

maize – кукурудза; syn: Indian corn, corn;  buckwheat – гречка,  oat – овес; barley – ячмінь: Barley is used in brewing and malt is made from it.  rye – жито; rice – рис: Rice is a staple cereal in the East.

legume – плід бобоових;

eggplant – баклажан;

herbs – трави;

dairy products – молочні продукти;

e.g. Milk, cheese, cottage cheese, curdled milk, butter, sour cream, yoghurt, and cream are dairy products.

lamb – м’ясо ягня;

mutton – баранина;

veal – телятина;

e.g. Meat from a young calf, light in colour and texture with a delicate flavour is called veal.

ostrich – страус;

seafood – морепродукти;

seaweed – морські водорості:

e.g. Seafood consists of seaweeds and shellfish from the sea considered as food.

protein – протеїн, білок:

e.g. Proteins are essential to the structure and function of all living cells and viruses.

carbohydrates – вуглеводи:

e.g. Sugar, starch, and cellulose are carbohydrates.

fats – жири;

restricted – обмежений:

e.g. They are discussing restricted sources of income.

lunch – другий сніданок, ленч;

courses – страва (зa oбiдoм);

English breakfast – англійський сніданок (ранковий сніданок з гарячим блюдом – яєчнею з беконом [eggs and bacon], вівсяною кашею [porridge]).

continental breakfast – "континентальний сніданок" (легкий ранковий сніданок; кава з булочкою та конфітюром [marmalade].

2. Read and translate the text: Food and Meals

Food is any substance consumed by living organisms. Food is the main source of energy and of nutrition for animals, and is usually of animal or plant origin. Whilst some food can be eaten without preparation, many kinds of food undergo some form of preparation for reasons of safety, palatability, or flavour. At the simplest level this may involve washing, cutting, heating or adding other foods or ingredients, such as spices.

All food can be divided into three main groups according to the origin: food products from plants, from animals, from neither animals nor plants. The first group includes the following items: cereals (barley, maize, buckwheat, oats, rice, rye, and wheat), legumes (beans, peas), vegetables (potatoes, broccoli, pumpkin, and eggplant), fruits, herbs and spices. Food from animals: dairy products (milk, cottage cheese), eggs, meat (beef, frogs' legs, lamb, mutton, pork, veal) and poultry (chicken, turkey, duck, goose, pigeon or dove, ostrich), and seafood. Mushrooms and seaweeds belong to food of the third group.

Three main components of any food are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. Proteins can be found in meat, fish, and beans. Carbohydrates are in bread, cereals and vegetables. Fats are characteristic of oil, margarine, fried foods, cheese, and butter. Food is now traded on a global basis. The variety and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the local growing season. Some countries are now economically dependent on food exports, which in some cases account for over 80% of all exports.

A selection of different foods eaten together comprises a meal. The number of meals in a day, their size, composition, when and how they are prepared and eaten vary greatly around the world.

The usual number of meals is 4-5. They are breakfast (7 – 10 a.m.), lunch (11 – 12 a.m.), dinner (2 – 3 p.m.), tea or afternoon snack (4 – 5 p.m.) and supper or dinner (6 – 9 p.m.).

Breakfast can be of two types: continental and English. In Britain it is a full meal bigger than on the Continent. It may be served with porridge, bacon and eggs, toasts with marmalade or jam. Lunch is based on simple and plain food: vegetables with poultry, sandwich and fruit juice. Tea or afternoon snack is an excellent opportunity to have a bite. It is usually tea with milk and biscuits. Dinner is the most substantial meal of the day. It may comprise three courses: soup, fish or meat with vegetables, and desserts.