11. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слова “which”.

1. The Moon has no atmosphere which is necessary for the life of plants. There is no atmosphere on the Moon, which is the reason of its being lifeless. 2. Plastics are a new material which is produced of chemicals. Plastics can be moulded under heat and pressure, which makes them important in industry. 3. Glass has some properties which have been recently discovered. Glass can be subjected to different methods of treatment, which should be taken into consideration by the engineer.

12. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на составные союзы: both ... And - как ... Так и; either ... Or - или ... Или neither ... Nor- ни ... Ни, sо that - так, чтобы, с тем чтобы.

1. Both the bridge and the tunnel will be finished in time. 2. I shall leave either tonight or tomorrow. 3. I could find him neither at home nor in the office. 4. They crossed the mountains sо that they could reach the village before dark. 5. You can get to this part of the city either by bus or by the underground. 6. Our firm knows neither crisis nor unemployment. 7. The sun gives us both light and heat.

Appendix

I.

100 наиболее употребляемых неправильных глаголов в английском языке

№ Глагол 2 форма 3 форма Перевод

1 say said said говорить

2 make made made делать

3 go went gone идти

4 take took taken брать

5 come came come приходить

6 see saw seen видеть

7 know knew known знать

8 get got got получать

9 give gave given давать

10 find found found находить

11 think thought thought думать

12 tell told told сказать

13 become became become становиться

14 show showed shown показывать

15 leave left left оставлять

16 feel felt felt чувствовать

17 put put put класть

18 bring brought brought приносить

19 begin began began начинать

20 keep kept kept держать

21 hold held held держать

22 write wrote written писать

23 stand stood stood стоять

24 hear heard heard слышать

25 let let let позволять

26 mean meant meant иметь в виду, намереваться

27 set set set ставить, устанавливать

28 meet met met встречать

29 run ran run бежать

30 pay paid paid платить

31 sit sat sat сидеть

32 speak spoke spoken говорить

33 lie lay lain лежать

34 lead led led вести

35 read read read читать

36 grow grew grown расти

37 loose lost lost терять

38 fall fell fallen падать

39 send sent sent отправлять

40 build built built строить

41 understand understood understood понимать

42 draw drew drawn рисовать

43 break broke broken ломать

44 spend spent spent тратить

45 cut cut cut резать

46 rise rose risen подниматься

47 drive drove driven вести машину

48 buy bought bought покупать

49 wear wore worn носить (одежду)

50 choose chose chosen выбирать

51 seek sought sought искать

52 throw threw thrown бросать

53 catch caught caught ловить

54 deal dealt dealt иметь дело

55 win won won выигрывать

56 forget forgot forgotten забывать

57 lay laid laid класть

58 sell sold sold продавать

59 fight fought fought драться, бороться

60 bear bore born родиться

61 teach taught taught учить

62 eat ate eaten есть

63 sing sang sung петь

64 strike struck struck ударять, бить

65 hang hung hung вешать

66 shake shook shaken трясти

67 ride rode ridden ездить верхом

68 feed fed fed кормить

69 shoot shot shot стрелять

70 drink drank drunk пить

71 hit hit hit ударять

72 arise arose arisen возникать

73 fly flew flown летать

74 spread spread spread распространяться

75 sleep slept slept спать

76 cost cost cost стоить

77 beat beat beaten бить

78 light lit lit освещать, зажигать

79 bind bound bound вязать, связывать

80 cast cast cast брать, кидать

81 hide hid hidden прятаться

82 swing swung swung качаться, вертеться

83 blow blew blown дуть

84 swim swam swum плавать

85 bend bent bent сгибать

86 wake woke woken просыпаться, будить

87 stick stuck stuck приклеивать, держаться

88 sweep swept swept подметать, мчаться

89 undertake undertook undertaken предпринимать, совершать

90 shut shut shut закрывать

91 steal stole stolen красть

92 tear tore torn рвать

93 hurt hurt hurt повредить, ушибить

94 ring rang rung звонить

95 lend lent lent одалживать

96 sink sank sunk тонуть, погружаться

97 overcome overcame overcome преодолеть, побороть

98 freeze froze frozen замерзать

99 shine shone shone светить, сиять

100 withdraw withdrew withdrawn взять назад

TOPICS

1. ТНЕ UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

The United Кingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated оn the British Isles. The British Isles, lying to the north-west of Europe, consist of two large islands – Great Britain and Ireland and about 5 thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244,000 square kilometres. The UK is one of the world's smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million people. About 80 percent of the population is urban.

The United Kingdom is made uр of four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are: London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast. Great Britain consists of England, Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech Great Britain is used in the meaning of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The capital of the UK is London. The British Isles are separated from the Continent bу the North Sea and the British Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed bу the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.

The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands. The South, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but the eastern, central and south-eastern parts of England are vast plain. Mountains are not very high. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343m.). There are а lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one. The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.

The UK is а highly developed industrial country. It produces and exports machinery, iron and steel products, electronics, chemicals and textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.

The United Кingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is а constitutional monarchy. It means that Great Britain is governed bу the Parliament and the Queen is the Head of the state. The legislative power in the country is exercised bу the Houses of Parliament. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords has more than 1000 members (hereditary and life peers and peeresses), although only 250 of them take an active part in the work of the House. The House of Commons is made up of 650 elected members, known as Members of Parliament (МР). It is the real governing body of the UК. The Executive power is exercised bу the Prime Мinister and his Cabinet. The government is usually formed bу the political party which is supported bу the majority in the House of Commons. The Prime Minister is the majority party leader and is appointed bу the Queen. The Prime Minister chooses а team of ministers: twenty of them are in the Cabinet. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and the Shadow Cabinet. Two leading parties in Great Britain are the Conservative Party (the Tories, it was formed in 1867) and the Labour Party (formed in 1900). There is по written constitution in Britain, only precedents and traditions.

There are 44 universities in Britain. They аге divided into three types:

1. The old established universities, such as Oxford (founded in 1249), Cambridge and Edinburgh. Oxford and Cambridge together are often called Oxbridge. 2) The 19th – century universities such as London and Manchester. 3) New universities established after World War 2, such as Essay, Lancaster and Vister.

2. LONDON

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.

London is one of the oldest and most interesting cities in the world.

Traditionally it is divided into several parts: the City, Westminster, the West End and the East End. They are very different from each other and seem to belong to different towns and epochs.

The heart of London is the City, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England, the Stock Exchange and the Old Bailey. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most striking of them is St Paul’s Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It was built in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. The Tower of London was founded by Julius Caesar and in 1066 rebuilt by William the Conqueror. It was used as a fortress, a royal palace and a prison. Now it is a museum housing The National collection of armour and the Crown Jewels.

Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London.

Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain. It dates back to 1049. Nearly all English kings and queens have been crowned here. Many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers, poets and painters are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Chaucer, Dickens, Tennyson, Kipling, etc.

Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, or the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British Parliament. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its huge hour bell, built just over a century ago and known as “Big Ben”.

Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.

The West End is the richest and most beautiful part of London. It is the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. There are splendid houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelson’s victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson’s Column stands in the middle of the square.

On the north side of Trafalgar Square is the National Gallery and the National Portrait Gallery. Not far away is the British Museum – the biggest museum in London. It contains a priceless collection of ancient manuscripts, coins, sculptures, etc, and is famous for its library.

To the east of the City is the Port of London. Here, today, are miles and miles of docks and the great industrial areas that depend upon shipping. This is the East End of London, unattractive in appearance, but very important to the country’s commerce. There are a lot of factories, workshops and docks here. The streets are narrow, the buildings are unimpressive. The East End is densely populated by working class families.

The capital has 14 bridges, the famous London Bridge being the biggest among them.

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