Text b

research work дослідницька робота

antibiotic антибіотик

penicillin пеніцилін

bacteria бактерія

method of experiments метод експериментів

to put forward висунути, представити

a theory теорія

Inventions and discoveries are generally the direct result of research work. On certain occasions, however, inventions are a chance event. The famous antibiotic Penicillin was discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming when he was studying bacteria. Sometimes necessity makes the scientists discover new things.

The age of science really began in the middle of the 17th century. Robert Boyle was the first scientist to introduce the method of experiments and its importance in the field of science. In this period, various institutions of science and inventors started working in different countries of Europe such as England, France and Germany.

Many famous scientists of ancient and medieval era like Galileo, Newton, etc. put forward many principles and theories in the different fields and areas of science.

Exercise 13. Speak about these inventions and their inventors:

Inventions	Discoveries
Surrealism, Hieronymus Bosch, Flemish artist	Penicillin, Alexander Fleming
Paper, Ts’ai Lun, a Chinese court official	Atom, Ernest Rutherford, England
The photograph, Joseph Nicephore Niepce	Bacteria, Anton van Leeuwenhoek
The saxophone, Adolphe Sax, an instrument make	DNA, Friedrich Meischer
The science fiction novel, Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac	Electron, Sir Joseph J. Thompson
The serial comic strip, Joseph Pulitzer, the publisher	Neptune, Johann Galle
The petrol-powered automobile, Karl Benz	Planetary motion, Johannes Kepler
The dishwasher, Josephine Cochrane	Pulsars, Antony Hewish and Jocelyn Bell Burnel
The nuclear reactor, Enrico Fermi	Relativity, (special and general theories of) Albert Einstein
The sewing machine, Elias Howe	Spectrum, (heterogeneity of light) Sir Isaac Newton
The telescope, Hans Lippershey	X-rays, Wilhelm K. Roentgen
The waterproof raincoat, Charles Macintosh	Neutron, James Chadwick

Exercise 14. Check your knowledge

Match the following names with discoveries and inventions these scientists made:

Dmitri Mendeleev a) It was a Scottish biologist and inventor, famous for discovery of penicillin, a drug that is used to kill harmful bacteria.

Heinrich Hertz b) He was a great physicist of the XX century and a Nobel laureate. He created extraordinary theories about relativity and the nature of light.

Ernst Werner von Siemens c) He was the British naturalist who formulated the theory of evolution. He proved that animals and plants have evolved in an orderly manner and keep on evolving even today.

Alexander Fleming d) He worked on the properties of atoms and created a table that is probably present in every chemistry classroom in the world.

Charles Darwin e) He is a German inventor and industrialist of the 19th century. He was the pioneer of the electro industry.

Albert Einstein f) It is the great German physicist. He made possible the development of radio, television, and radar. He was the first person who successfully demonstrated the presence of electromagnetic waves.

Ivan Pavlov g) He was an American industrialist and inventor who inspired the automobile Industrial Revolution in the United States and worldwide.

Leonardo da Vinci h) He is widely known for the three laws of motion and the universal theory of gravitation. He also proved that sunlight is the combination of several colors.

Henry Ford i) He was Russian physiologist and psychologist who put forward the concept of the conditioned reflex. He conducted a legendary experiment training a hungry dog using the sound of bell.

Isaac Newton j) He is more commonly known as the greatest artist in the history of mankind. He was also a brilliant philosopher and scientist. He was considered to be a genius. He put forward many theories for many inventions that were understood hundreds of years after his death.

Exercise 15. Speaking

Choose one scientist/scholar whom do you consider to be the most brilliant. Talk about his/her invention/discovery/theory, tell about its importance and value for the humanity.