II. The infinitive as part of the subject of a sentence

1. (for + noun/pronoun + infinitive)

E. g. For us to have broader knowledge of the field is essential.

It is unnecessary for us to follow the same technique.

(For + noun/pronoun + infinitive) is mostly used after the following structure "it is necessary (important, impossible, difficult etc)" and translated as a single clause.

E. g. It is often important for us to guess what the future may be like.

Нам часто важно представить каким может быть будущее.

2. The infinitive after verbs: seem, appear, happen, claim

Verbs used in the active:

to appear – казаться, оказаться;

to chance – случайно оказаться;

to happen – случайно оказаться;

to prove – в конечном счете оказаться;

to seem – создавать впечатление, казаться, по-видимому;

to turn out – обернуться, неожиданно оказаться;

to claim – утверждать, заявлять.

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E.g. It seems that the experiment has been poorly designed. The experiment seems to have been poorly designed. It appears that scientists are not able to explain these enigmatic phe­ nomena.

Scientists appear not to be able to explain these enigmatic phenomena.

It turned out that the wrong samples had been selected.

The wrong samples turned out to be selected.

Sentences with the infinitive after verbs in the active (seem, appear, prove, etc.) can be translated into Russian in two ways:

E. g. The explanation of this paradox has appeared to be found.

1. Оказалось, что объяснение этому парадоксу было найдено.

2. Объяснение этому парадоксу, как оказалось, было найдено.

3. The infinitive after verbs of perception

Verbs of mental and sensual perception and estimation, used in the passive

1. to assume - делать допущение, условно полагать;

to believe – считать верным, полагать;

to consider – прийти к заключению (мнению), полагать, счи-тать;

to estimate – оценивать, считать;

to expect – ожидать, полагать;

to find – находить, считать;

to hold – придерживаться мнения, считать;

to know – знать;

to regard – рассматривать, считать;

to report – сообщать;

to say – говорить;

to show – показывать;

to state – утверждать;

to suppose – предполагать, полагать;

to take – принимать (за), считать;

to think – думать, полагать;

to understand – воспринимать, считать;

b) to hear – слышать,

to see – видеть, считать;

to feel – чувствовать, считать;

E.g. It is considered that plasma, clusters, and amorphous conditions are less clearly definable.

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Plasma, clusters, and amorphous conditions are considered to be less clearly definable.

It is known that the relativity theory is a turning point in physical thinking.

The relativity theory is known to be a turning point in physical thinking.

In ancient lime it was thought that the earth was motionless.

In ancient time the earth was thought to be motionless.

Sentences with the infinitive after verbs in the active (seem, appear, prove, etc.) can be translated into Russian in two ways:

E.g. This hypothesis has been found to disagree with experimental evidence.

1. Было найдено, что эта гипотеза не согласуется с экспери­ментальными данными.

2. Эта гипотеза, как было найдено, не согласуется с экспери­ментальными данными.