Study the following words and word combinations
astrophysics, n – астрофізика
black hole, n − чорна діра
building block − будівельний блок
consider, v − вважати, розглядати
continually, adv − безупинно, постійно
cosmology, n − космологія
datum (data, pl), n − данні
deal with, v − мати справу з
definition, n − визначення
depend on, v − залежати від
devise, v − придумувати, винаходити
divide, v − діли́ти(ся)
emergence, n, − ви́хід, поява
entire, adj − весь, повний
fascinating, adj − захоплюючий
heat, n, v − теплота, нагрівати
in many respects − у багатьох відношеннях
involve, v − спричиня́ти, включити
overlap,v − частко́во збіга́тися; перекривaти
perceive, v − відчувати, сприймати
phenomenon (phenomena pl), n − явище
predict, v − провіща́ти, передрікати
research, n,v − дослідження, досліджувати
scale, n − масштаб
subatomic particle − субатомна частка
uncover, v − виявля́ти, розкрива́ти пpичинy
Read the following text.
Text 1. What is physics?
P
hysics
is one of the most ancient sciences about nature. The word “physics”
takes
its origin from the Greek word “phewsis” that means nature. It
is the science that studies various phenomena in nature: mechanical
motion, heat, sound, electricity, magnetism, light etс.
Physics is the truly universal science. It is the rational development of experiments, observations and theories that explain the fundamental structure of all we perceive. From the smallest subatomic particle to the entire Universe, Physics uncovers a picture of the world that is continually changing. The development of other sciences depends in many respects on the knowledge of physical phenomena. For example chemists often use the quantum theory in their researches that was developed by physicists in the 1920's. In medicine, biology, and geology scientists use data obtained by physicists.
Physics divides itself very naturally into two great branches, experimental physics and theoretical physics. The former is the science of making observations and devising experiments which give us accurate knowledge of the actual behaviour of natural phenomena. On the basis of experimental facts theoretical physics formulates laws and predicts the behaviour of natural phenomena.
A physicist usually specializes within one area of physics, though many disciplines overlap. Below there are a few examples of the different areas of physics, with very general definitions.
For example, astrophysics and cosmology are areas of physics that involve the attempt to understand questions about life within a massive cosmological scale. This science deals and studies black holes and supernovas. It is the aim of these branches of physics to find out how stars are born, the nature of galaxies and even the beginnings of the universe.
Atomic and nuclear physics has many other subdisciplines, but all in one way or another deal with understanding of the building block of the universe – the atom. Atomic and nuclear physics also has a direct influence on the emergence of quantum physics. This is the branch of physics that is considered the most exciting and fascinating as it attempts to discover how the whole universe works by unlocking the most fundamental levels of matter. Geophysics is the branch of physics that studies different forces like electromagnetism and seismic and radioactive phenomena.
The field of physics lies behind all of our technology. No brief summary could do justice to the topic. As you study physics do not become too distracted by the pretty stones you find. Also do not become discouraged if you trip over a few. Remember you want to see the entire house.
Your door is open. Welcome.
Exercise 6. Translate the following word combinations and sentences into Ukrainian.
We are considering this fact now; building blocks; areas of physics that involve the attempt to understand these questions; theories that explain the fundamental structure of all we perceive; physical phenomena; all the local forecasters are predicting rain for today; in a large scale; this research is very important; physics uncovers a picture of the world; has a direct influence on the emergence; this is one of the most fascinating branches of physics; I heat the vegetables in the microwave; in many respects they are right; the equator divides the Earth into two hemispheres; they are devising a new method for converting sunlight into electricity; general definitions; this science deals with; data obtained by physicists; the world that is continually changing.
Exercise 7. Match the words (1−10) with their definitions (a−l). There are two definitions that you do not need to use.
1. building block a. to plan to obtain, to invent
2. devise b. the act or an instance of appearance
3. divide c. to become warm or hot
4. emergence d. the relation between the real size of something and its size on a map, model or diagram
5. heat e. all space, including all the stars and planets
6. origin f. the collecting of information about a particular subject
7. phenomenon g. to separate into two or more parts, areas, or groups
8. predict h. the smaller particles composing nucleons and atoms
9. research i. the point at which something begins
10.scale something essential on which a larger entity is based
j. an observable fact or event
k. to make or fabricate; to invent; to originate
l. to foretell on the basis of scientific reason
Exercise 8. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the expressions.
To take its origin from; to study various phenomena in nature; truly universal science; to explain the fundamental structure of all we perceive; the entire Universe; to depend in many respects on the knowledge; to use the quantum theory in researches; within a massive cosmological scale; to have many other subdisciplines; to deal with understanding; the most exciting and fascinating; to lie behind all of our technology.
Exercise 9. Tell if the following statements are true or false. Prove your point of view.
Physics studies only natural phenomena that don’t deal with everyday life.
Physical laws and theories explain everything we see.
Physics doesn’t play any role in the development of other sciences.
The world is constantly changing and Physics is ready to explain these changes.
Experimental physicists perform their experiments on the base of theoretical physical predictions.
Every physicist has deep knowledge in all branches of physics.
The main purpose of astrophysics is to study the building block of the universe.
Nuclear physics deals with the study of the atom.
Quantum physics is the forerunner of nuclear physics
Geophysics concentrates on studying of the electromagnetism and seismic and radioactive phenomena.
Exercise 10. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.
We are solving a difficult problem. 2. A physicist usually specializes within one area of physics. 3. They are listening to their tutor. 4. Astrophysics and cosmology deal with the study of black holes and supernovas. 5. Physics uncovers a picture of the world that is continually changing. 6. On the basis of experimental facts theoretical physics formulates laws and predicts the behaviour of natural phenomena. 7. We are talking about our research.
Exercise 11. Find the words with the same meaning.
entire fractional, total, indirect, common
divide split, multiply, devise, change
perceive split, share, understand, see
consider regard, think, divide, misuse
discipline subject, order, behaviour, training
matter thing, phenomenon, substance, data
emergence glad, multiple, appearance, individual
discouraged optimistic, pessimistic, upset, calm
Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences with the words according to the text.
Physics is one of the most _______ sciences about nature. It is the science that studies _______ phenomena in nature: mechanical _______, heat, ________, electricity, magnetism, light etс.
Physics is the ______ universal science. It is the rational development of experiments, _______ and ________ that explain the fundamental structure of all we _________. The development of other sciences depends __________on the knowledge of physical ________. For example ________often use the quantum theory in their ________ that was developed by physicists in the 1920's. In medicine, biology, and geology scientists use _______ obtained by physicists.
Physics ______ itself very naturally into two great _______, experimental physics and theoretical physics. The former is the science of making observations and devising experiments which give us _______ knowledge of the actual behaviour of natural phenomena. On the basis of experimental facts theoretical physics ________ laws and predicts the ________ of natural phenomena.
Astrophysics and _______ are areas of physics that involve the ________ to understand questions about life within a massive cosmological ________. This science deals and studies ________ and ________.Atomic and nuclear physics has many other __________, but all in one way or another _______ understanding of the building block of the universe – ________.
Exercise 13. Change the following statements to questions and translate them.
1. Physics deals with relation between matter and energy. 2. Both chemistry and physics deal with matter. 3. We are learning Newton’s laws. 4. The scientists are planning experiments with their students. 5. The chemical properties of molecules depend on their composition. 6. They are measuring distance now. 7. Tom works in this laboratory every Friday. 8. Tom is working in the laboratory. 9. Physicists use many different units of measurement in their researches. 10. I’m reading an article about black holes now. 11. I do my homework after my double-periods in University. 12. I’m solving a difficult problem now. 13. Chemical reactions indicate that the molecules are composed of smaller units, or atoms. 14. Astronomers use three kinds of time.
Exercise 14. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. У своїх вимірах учені використовують метричну систему. 2. Атоми є будівельними блоками будь-якої речовини. 3. Ми зараз розглядаємо ваше прохання. 4. Чорні діри – астрофізичні об’єкти, які створюють дуже велику силу тяжіння. 5. Фізика розкриває походження багатьох природних явищ. 6. Вивчення яких явищ включає у себе ця галузь фізики? 7. Вони зараз працюють у лабораторії або слухають лекцію професора? 8. Це дуже захоплююче явище. 9. Tеорії фізики пояснюють все, що ми відчуваємо. 10. Ти знаєш, як розв’язати цю задачу? 11. Протягом тисячоліть людство знає чотири форми речовини: тверду, рідку, газоподібну та плазму. 12. Сонце, зірки та блискавка являють собою також плазму. 13. Фізика поділяється на декілька галузей: ядерну фізику, фізику плазми, астрофізику, радіофізику та інші. 14. Не чіпай його! Він обговорює важливе питання зі своїм керівником.
Exercise 15. Retell the text «WHAT IS PHYSICS?»
Read the following text.