- •Matters at law and other matters английский язык для юристов учебник
- •Ответственный редактор:
- •Рецензенты:
- •Предисловие
- •Содержание
- •Unit 1. Law and society
- •History of law
- •It is the spirit and not the form of law that keeps justice alive.
- •Common Law and Civil Law
- •Animals as defendants
- •Kinds of Law
- •Unit 2. Violence
- •Crimes against humanity
- •Terrorism
- •Определение международного терроризма и методики борьбы с ним
- •Политика сша в области борьбы с международным терроризмом
- •Description
- •If you have any information concerning this person, please contact your local fbi office or the nearest american embassy or consulate.
- •Caution
- •If you have any information concerning this person, please contact your local fbi office or the nearest u.S. Embassy or consulate.
- •Description
- •Caution
- •If you have any information concerning this person, please contact your local fbi office or the nearest american embassy or consulate.
- •(C) Разыскивается
- •(D) Помощь следствию
- •Unit 3. Human rights
- •The european convention on human rights
- •Domestic violence
- •Society prepares the crime; the criminal commits it.
- •Justice not excuses
- •Whoever profits by the crime is guilty of it.
- •Unit 4. Crime detection
- •C rime Detection
- •From the history of fingerprinting…
- •Fingerprint evidence is used to solve a British murder case
- •Genetic fingerprinting
- •Dna evidence as evidence in criminal trials in England and Wales
- •The sentence of this court is...
- •Capital Punishment: Inevitability of Error
- •These are all little known facts about the system dealing with inmates, prisons and the law in the usa
- •Medvedev to head Russian anti-corruption council
- •If poverty is the mother of crimes, want of sense is the father.
- •Organized crime constitutes nothing less than a guerilla war against society.
- •I’m proud of the fact that I never invented weapons to kill.
- •Avoiding e-mail Fraud
- •Формирование прав потребителей. Донохью против Стивенсона
- •The causes of crime
- •The causes of crime Part II
- •The causes of crime Part III
- •The causes of crime Part IV
- •Unit 5. Juvenile delinquency
- •From the history of juvenile delinquency. Causes of delinquency
- •Сравнительный анализ законодательства об аресте в уголовном процессе сша и России
- •The juvenile justice system. Treatment of juvenile delinquents
- •Unit 1. Central features of the british law system
- •British Constitution
- •M agna Carta
- •History of the “Great Charter”
- •The Bill of Rights
- •From the History of the Bill of Rights
- •Habeas Corpus
- •C onstitutional Conventions in Britain
- •Key principles of British Constitution
- •The Supremacy of Parliament
- •The rule of law
- •Sources of english law
- •How Judicial Precedent Works
- •Parts of the judgment
- •The hierarchy of the courts
- •The Court Structure of Her Majesty's Courts Service (hmcs)
- •Unit 2. U.S. Courts
- •The judicial system of the usa
- •The us Constitution
- •Historical influences
- •Influences on the Bill of Rights
- •Unit 3. The jury
- •From the Juror’s Handbook (New York Court System)
- •Introduction
- •Common questions of jurors
- •Is it true that sometimes jurors are not allowed to go home until after the trial is over? Is this common?
- •Is possible to report for jury service but not sit on a jury?
- •Famous American Trials The o. J. Simpson Trial 1995
- •Selection of the Jury
- •Unit 4. Family law
- •Family Law
- •P arent and Child
- •Surrogacy
- •Adoption
- •Protection of children from abuse, exploitation, neglect and trafficking
- •Children’s rights
- •If we desire respect for the law, we must first make the law respectable.
- •Money often costs too much.
- •Consequences of child marriage
- •Unit 6. Police and the public
- •The Police in Britain t he definition of policing
- •Origins of policing
- •The world's first modern police force 1829
- •The police and the public
- •T he Stefan Kizsko case
- •The organization of the police force
- •Facts from the history of prisons
- •Improvements
- •Из интервью с главным государственным санитарным врачом Федеральной службы исполнения наказаний (фсин) России Владимиром Просиным (2009г.)
- •Law: the child’s detention
- •What does the law say?
- •Legal articles quotations
- •Information in language understood
- •What does the law say?
- •Inadmissible under article 6(3)(a) and (b)
- •Conclusion
- •Law and relevant articles quotations
- •Law and relevant articles quotations
- •Inhuman or degrading treatment
- •Facts. Handcuffed in public
- •Law and relevant articles quotations
- •Legal documents universal declaration of human rights
- •Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic,
- •21 February 1992, by the un Commission on Human Rights, reprinted
- •In Report of the Working Group on the Rights of Persons Belonging to
- •Article 1
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 4
- •Short history of us civil procedure
- •The legal profession
- •Legal education
- •U.S. Courts
- •Virginia’s Judicial System
- •Virginia’s Judicial System (continued)
- •American law in the twentieth century
- •Criminal justice
- •The death penalty
- •Legal profession and legal ethics
- •Legal education
- •History of islamic law
- •History of islamic law qur’anic legislation
- •Legal practice in the first century of islam
- •Legal practice in medieval islam
- •Religious law and social progress in contemporary islam
The causes of crime
No one knows why crime occurs. The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, when crime and sin were considered to be the same thing, is that criminals are perverse persons who deliberately commit crimes or who do so at the instigation of the devil or other evil spirits who possess those who don’t conform to social norms or follow rules. People are not bad by nature, but sometimes simply too timid to resist the vicious demons that play on their weaknesses and cut their bond with the source of their Power. Humans are good by nature, but not everyone is made of steel so as to defend themselves against the demonic forces – destructive emotions and detrimental attitudes, such as fear, ignorance, hatred, worry, revenge, envy, attachment, greed, lust, doubt, prejudice, pride, vanity, impatience, sloth, discrimination, arrogance, ambition, addiction, gluttony, criticism, blame, anxiety, frustration and so on. We all get attacked by those faulty ethereal goblins of our minds and hearts, but most of us succeed to resist them. It’s easy to act on anger, greed, revenge but it takes courage and strength to determine that there is something more important than that.
There are two core reasons why weakness prevails with some people: lack of faith and imbalance. People sometimes don’t believe enough in the power of their own internal weapons against inner demons such as courage, tolerance, understanding, forgiveness, mercy, honesty, sincerity, integrity, honor, modesty, humbleness, generosity, love, compassion, kindness, detachment, patience, self-discipline, temperance, etc. As a result of not trusting inner resources, there is no enough motivation to develop them and use them.
There is no balance between physical skills, mental calmness and emotional state. Most criminals are simply too strong physically, pumping up the body muscles, but not enough the mental and emotional muscles. The reason why their strength becomes weakness is because they are not balanced.
The causes of crime are analyzed by many scientists – lawyers, sociologists, psychologists, economists, biologists. However, none of the existing theories give an exhaustive explanation of all types of crime.
Trying to explain the crimes biologists searched for natural causes due to the tendency of some people to crime.
Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso in 1870 came to the conclusion that some people are born with criminal tendencies. In his view, criminal types can be determined by the skull. Lombroso didn’t deny the influence of society on the development of criminal behavior, but believed that most criminals biologically degenerate.
In the second half of the 20th century, attempts were made to link the criminal tendencies of a certain set of chromosomes in the genetic code. There is speculation that among the perpetrators of serious crimes, a disproportionate share of people with extra Y chromosomes. A number of studies conducted in prisons of an intensive regime, obtained a result showing that such deviation was one of hundred of prisoners, compared with one per thousand for the general population. However, studies on larger tracts of population showed that men with abnormal set of chromosomes are not more likely to commit violent acts than with the ordinary set.
Searching for the origin of antisocial personality disorders and their influence over crime led to studies of twins and adopted children in the 1980s. Identical twins have the exact same genetic makeup. Researchers found that identical twins were twice as likely to have similar criminal behavior than fraternal twins who have similar but not identical genes, just like any two siblings. Other research indicated that adopted children had greater similarities of crime rates to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents. These studies suggested a genetic basis for some criminal behavior.
Answer the following questions:
1) Is there any unanimous decision concerning the causes of crime?
2) Explain the main ideas of the theory based on theology and ethics.
3) Why does weakness prevail with some people?
4) How do you explain the tendency of some people to crime?
5) What did the study of twins show?
TASK 26. Replace words and word combinations in brackets by their English equivalents from the text above.
1. The oldest theory, based on theology and ethics, when crime and sin considered to be the same thing, is that criminals are (порочные люди) who (преднамеренно совершают преступления) or do so (по наущению дьявола и других злых духов) who possess those who (не приспосабливается к социальным нормам) or follow rules. 2. Not everyone can defend himself against the demonic forces - (разрушительных эмоций) and (вредных отношений), such as (страх, невежество, ненависть, беспокойство, месть, зависть, привязанность, жадность, похоть, сомнение, предрассудки, тщеславие, нетерпение, лень, дискриминация, высокомерие, амбиции, обжорство, критицизм, обвинение, тревога, разочарование). 3. People sometimes don’t believe enough in the power of their own internal weapons against inner demons such as (храбрость, терпение, понимание, прощение, жалость, честность, искренность, неподкупность, честь, скромность, смирение, щедрость, любовь, сострадание, доброта, чуждость искушениям, спокойствие, самодисциплина, умеренность). 4. Most criminals are simply too strong physically, (накачивая мышцы физического тела), but not enough the mental and emotional muscles. 5. However, none of the existing theories give an (исчерпывающее объяснение всем типам преступлений). 5. Trying to explain the crimes, biologists search for natural causes due to the (склонности некоторых людей к совершению преступлений). 6. Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso in 1870 (пришел к заключению) that (некоторые люди рождаются с преступными наклонностями). 6. Lombroso (не отрицал влияния общества) on the development of criminal behavior, but believed that (большинство преступников биологически выродившиеся люди). 7. (Однояйцовые близнецы) have (одинаковый генетический набор).
TASK 27. Translate the following text into Russian in written form. Answer the questions after the text.