3) English Civil war of 1642 -1649.

Cromwell dissolving Long Parliament Sir Anthony van Dyck ca.1638, Lord John Stuart and his

brother Lord Bernard. Both died fighting for the King

Task 10. Fill in the gaps while viewing and find the sentence where the following phrasal verb is used: Break down – разрушать.

Charles I believed absolutely in his divine (божественное) right to rule Britain. He believed that he was ultimately answerable only to God. In 1)…. King Charles I decided to rule without 2)………. . Parliament was not happy. Charles I finally summoned Parliament after 11 years of 3)…….. …. . The Commons had an upper hand (выиграли). Charles had to agree to a number of ground-breaking laws that strengthened (укрепили) Parliament’s freedom. He had to summon them every 3 years, he could not dissolve (распускать) them 4) .. …. . Trust between the king and Parliament had been completely broken down. In 1642 the country erupted (вверглась) into a 5)….. … . The war was fought between the Cavaliers*, who supported the King, and the Roundheads* who were on the side of Parliament under Oliver Cromwell. Britain was deeply divided. The death toll was huge. Over 6)…. . …….British people died in this struggle for freedom. The victor (победитель) would rule Britain. Parliament won. The King was put to trial for treason (государственная измена). The trial took place in Westminster Hall. The King was accused of (обвинен) unlimited and tyrannical powers. Charles I refused to defend himself because he did not recognize the legality (законность) of the court. In 1649 Charles I was led to the scaffold (место казни, плаха) outside the Banqueting House. It was said that when the king’s head fell, a deep groan (стон) went through the crowd. The execution deeply split the nation. Charles became a martyr (мученик). Parliament under Oliver Cromwell abolished (ликвидировал) monarchy altogether. Ten days after the 7)………(казнь) of Charles I Britain became 8) . …….. . In a decade it came to an end. The execution of Charles I became a turning point. Monarchy would never be the same. People now had the self-confidence to defend their freedom even if that would limit the freedom of their king.

Monarchy was restored in Charles’s son Charles II*. He did co-operate with Parliament. James II, brother of Charles II, proclaimed religious freedom and tried to make England catholic again.

Cultural Commentary

* "Roundhead" was the name given to the supporters of the Parliament during the English Civil War. Also known as Parliamentarians, they fought against King Charles I and his supporters, * the “Cavaliers” (Royalists), who claimed absolute power and the divine right of kings. The goal of the Roundhead party was to give the Parliament supreme control over executive administration.

* Charles II (1630 – 1685) was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Charles II's father, King Charles I, was executed at Whitehall on 30 January 1649, at the climax of the English Civil War. Although the Parliament of Scotland proclaimed Charles II King of Great Britain and Ireland in Edinburgh on 6 February 1649, the English Parliament instead passed a statute that made any such proclamation unlawful. England entered the period known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, and the country was a de facto republic, led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland, and Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. Charles II was popularly known as the Merry Monarch, in reference to both the liveliness and hedonism of his court and the general relief at the return to normality after over a decade of rule by Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans. Charles's wife, Catherine of Braganza, bore no live children, but Charles acknowledged at least twelve illegitimate children by various mistresses. As illegitimate children were excluded from the succession, he was succeeded by his brother James. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/