- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •3 Fill in the missing prepositions: (with (2), of (2), to, on, for (3), in (3), into, through, as)
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 The Field of Accounting
- •Remember the difference:
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Budgeting
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Auditing
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 True or false?
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Costs. Assets and liabilities
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4 Ask as many questions to the following text about assets as you can. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Raising Finance
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Financial Statements
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Accountancy
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
1. The participle has the following forms:
|
|
Active |
Passive |
Present (Participle I) |
writing |
being written |
|
Perfect (Participle I) |
having written |
having been written |
|
Past (Participle II) |
– |
written |
2. Participles can be used like:
a) verb forms with the auxiliaries be and have (to make continuous, perfect and passive verb forms):
He was answering questions when I came in. He has forgotten my name.
You'll be informed soon.
b) adjectives: Your offer seems exciting. The office window is broken.
c) adverbs: She ran screaming out of the room.
d) clauses: Having spent all his money, he asked his father to help him.
Being unable to help, we gave her some food.
3. The structure object + participle (clause) is used after verbs оf sensation (e.g. see, hear, feel, watch, notice, smell) and some other verbs (e.g. find, get, have, make): I found him speaking to a customer.
I saw your secretary sending a fax to our business partner. You ought to get your car repaired.
Ex.1. Use Participle I and Participle II to open the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
(A) 1 We spent about an hour ………………… (take) our papers to the office. 2 Generally ………………… (speak), this problem is rather difficult. 3 (Work) …………………… a year in Germany he returned to Ukraine. 4 He sat in his arm-chair …………………… (smoke) a cigar. 5 Our new manager is that young man .................. (wear) glasses. 6 (Say) …………………… this, he left the room. 7 (Be) …………………… busy, he postponed his trip to Italy. 8 I stood …………………… (watch) the people entering the office. 9 He went to work, ............. ….....… (leave) the letter on the table. 10 The conference …………...….. (take) place at the university is devoted to ecological problems. 11 While …………………… (wait) for you I’ve translated this article.
(B) 1 She entered the room ………………… (accompany) by her superiors. 2 My boss looked ……………..... (worry). 3 The letter will lose its importance if ………………… (not deliver) immediately. 4 (Press) ..........…… for time, he couldn't even phone his wife. 5 She’ll certainly help if ………………… (ask). 6 When ……………
(invite) he always takes part in our discussions. 7 The problems …………………........... (discuss) were of great importance. 8 Those …………..….....…… (interview) will start training next week. 9 The ……..….…… (lose) document was found at last. 10 The secretary didn't even look at me as if too …….......…… (occupy) with what she was writing. 11 I’m going to have my car …….….......…… (repair) next week. 12 In Turkey your coat should be ………...….....…… (button) when you are with superiors. 13 Don't expect …….………..…… (write) contracts in most Moslem countries.
Ex.2. Use the correct form of the Participle to open the brackets:
1 When ……………… (pay) by cheque, you must show a bank card. 2 (Know) ……………… that he was in trouble, I offered to help him. 3 (Find) ……………… nobody in the office, I left. 4 (Write) ……………… in very bad handwriting, the message was difficult to read. 5 Time ……………… (permit), we’ll stay for a few days in London. 6 The solution ……………… (adopt) was welcomed by our manager. 7 All things .................... …… (consider), there’s little hope of his arrival. 8 I was driving a car …………… (lend) me by my close friend. 9 The required sum of money ……………… (save up), I could buy a new computer. 10 We found her ............... (work) in the office. 11 I heard them ……………… (argue) again. 12 (Hope) ……………… to find the lost letter, he searched everywhere. 13 (Think) ……………… he had made a mistake somewhere, the accountant went through his calculations again. 14 When ……………… (ask) to help them she refused without hesitating.