- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •3 Fill in the missing prepositions: (with (2), of (2), to, on, for (3), in (3), into, through, as)
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 The Field of Accounting
- •Remember the difference:
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Budgeting
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Auditing
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 True or false?
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Costs. Assets and liabilities
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4 Ask as many questions to the following text about assets as you can. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Raising Finance
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Financial Statements
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Accountancy
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
1. The gerund has the following forms:
|
Active |
Passive |
Simple |
writing |
being written |
Perfect |
having written |
having been written |
2. We use the gerund:
* as the subject of a sentence: Exporting will be our main objective next year.
* as the object of a sentence: I've always enjoyed reading.
* after certain verbs:
admit, mind, appreciate, avoid, consider, can't stand, can't help, delay, enjoy, finish, imagine, involve, postpone, propose, risk, stop, suggest |
The manager proposed changing the name of the company.
• after prepositions:
after, before, by, when, while, without |
The company launched this product without doing the necessary research.
• after verbs and expressions followed by prepositions:
be interested in, be good at, be fond of, be for / against, be used to, instead of, feel like, think of / about, look forward to, succeed in, approve of, insist on, object to |
I'm interested in learning more about this technology.
• after expressions like: it's no use, it's not worth, it's no good : No use asking him. He won't tell the truth.
Ex.1. Put the verbs in brackets into the gerund form. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
1 Stop ............... (argue) and start ............... (work). 2 The boss is against ............... (make) any complaints. 3 I’m thinking of ............... (retire) and ............... (go) to Canada. 4 If he puts his money into that business he risks ............... (lose) everything. 5 If a thing is worth ............... (do) at all it is worth ............... (do) well. 6 He hates ............... (borrow) money. 7 I can't stand their (waste) so much time. 8 I thanked him for ............... (solve) the problem quickly. 9 I suggest ............... (postpone) the meeting. 10 It's no good ............... (complain). Nothing can be done. 11 I can't help ............... (think) about the interview. 12 We avoid ............... (keep) late hours. Our working day begins very early. 13 The secretary admitted ............... (steal) the money. 14 I believe he’s capable of ............... (solve) this problem.
Ex.2. Finish these sentences using a gerund:
1 My favourite activity is ........................................................................................ .
2 He can't stand ........................................................................................
3 He is good at.....................................................................................................
4 Some people just can't help.....................................................................................................
5 We are used to .....................................................................................................
6 I’m interested in .................................................................................................... .
7 This company is worth .....................................................................................................
8 The customer wants to know who was responsible for ............................................................................... .
9 I feel like .....................................................................................................
10 He admitted .....................................................................................................
11 I’m thinking of .................................................................................................... .
12 ........................................................................................ was the key to the company's success.
13 It's no use .....................................................................................................
14 Avoid ....................................................................................................................
Ex.3. Complete these sentences using the gerund form of one of the verbs below:
give, get, make, have, lose, help, work, discuss, get, worry, meet, analyse, cry, buy, reduce
1 He is interested in ............... the shares of this company. 2 It's no use ............... over spilt milk. 3 This job involves ............... our international transactions. 4 We are looking forward to ............... the new Sales Manager. 5 It isn't worth ............... about it. 6 You risk ............... bad results. 7 As we don't agree about company policy we avoid ............... this subject. 8 We don't mind ............... overtime, if it helps the company. 9 You mustn't insist on ............... him. He doesn't want it. 10 By delaying we risk ............... this contract. 11 I can't imagine not ............... a computer in my office. 12 He apologized for …............ this serious mistake. 13 He is very pleased with ............... the job he wanted. 14 It's no good ............... her advice - she never listens. 15 Overstaffing should be solved by ............... the workforce.