- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •3 Fill in the missing prepositions: (with (2), of (2), to, on, for (3), in (3), into, through, as)
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 The Field of Accounting
- •Remember the difference:
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Budgeting
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Auditing
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 True or false?
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Costs. Assets and liabilities
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4 Ask as many questions to the following text about assets as you can. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Raising Finance
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Financial Statements
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Accountancy
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
10 Financial Statements
financial statement financial performance compile auditor annual report profit and loss account / income statement revenue expenditure turnover |
фінансовий звіт фінансова діяльність укладати; збирати (матеріали) аудитор; ревізор річний звіт звіт про прибутки та збитки; рахунок прибутків і збитків дохід; надходження; прибуток витрати; витрачання, видаток оборот |
balance sheet mortgage cash flow statement
accuse of
window dressing
creative accounting |
баланс; балансовий звіт іпотека; застава баланс оборотних коштів (активів) звинувачувати (у чомусь) "причісування балансу", представлення у вигідному світлі "творчий бухоблік" |
A company and its shareholders need to know information about the company's financial performance. This information is compiled by the company accountants and checked by independent auditors. The company's annual report consists of three financial statements:
• Profit and loss account / P&L (BrE) or income statement (AmE). This account shows the revenue (money coming into the business) and expenditure (money going out). It also shows the company's turnover (total sales), costs and overheads.
• Balance sheet. This account shows the financial situation of the company on a particular date, usually the end of the financial year. It consists of a list of assets (cash investments, property and debtors - money owed by customers) and liabilities (all the money that the company will have to pay out, such as taxes, mortgage and money owed to suppliers). Firms in a good situation are said to have a strong balance sheet and those that are not, a weak one.
• Cash flow statement. This document shows the flow of cash in and out of the business. It includes sale of assets, issuing of shares, payment of dividends, trading profits and many other activities.
When company's accounts are presented in a way that makes performance look better than it really is, the company may be accused of window dressing or creative accounting.
1 Who compiles the information about the company's financial performance? 2 Who is this information checked by? 3 What does the company annual report consist of? 4 What is the purpose of an annual report? 5 What does the income statement show? 6 What does the balance sheet include? 7 When do firms have a strong / weak balance sheet? 8 What is cash flow statement? 9 What is creative accounting?
1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
account check revenue window dressing accuse profit expenses |
expenditure gain creative accounting blame income verify report |