- •1 Structure of a business letter
- •1 This is how a business school teacher is explaining the parts of a business letter to a student:
- •2 Now read the letter and name its elements:
- •Grammar: The Sequence of Tenses – Узгодження часів
- •2 Writing a business e-mail
- •Grammar: Reported Speech (statements) – Непряма мова (стверджувальні речення)
- •3 Doing Business on the Internet
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •3 Fill in the missing prepositions: (with (2), of (2), to, on, for (3), in (3), into, through, as)
- •Grammar: Reported Questions, Requests, Orders – Непрямі питання, прохання, накази
- •4 Business across Cultures
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian
- •5 Put these statements about customs and culture into the correct order. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:
- •Grammar: First Conditional – Умовні речення і типу
- •5 The Field of Accounting
- •Remember the difference:
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •Grammar Second Conditional – Умовні речення іі типу
- •6 Budgeting
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: Third Conditional – Умовні речення ііі типу
- •7 Auditing
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Give the English equivalents for:
- •3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •5 True or false?
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (1) Ability (здатність, спроможність): can, could, be able to
- •Permission (дозвіл): can, could, may, be allowed to
- •8 Costs. Assets and liabilities
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4 Ask as many questions to the following text about assets as you can. Translate the text into Ukrainian.
- •Grammar: Modals – Модальні дієслова (2)
- •9 Raising Finance
- •1 Match words that have a similar meaning:
- •3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •Grammar: Modals with the Perfect Infinitive – Модальні дієслова з перфектним інфінітивом
- •10 Financial Statements
- •2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:
- •3 Write the appropriate word or phrase in the following spaces. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
- •4 Translate into English:
- •Grammar: The Infinitive – Інфінітив
- •11 Accountancy
- •Grammar: The Gerund – Герундій
- •(12) Grammar: The Participle – Дієприкметник
8 Costs. Assets and liabilities
costs output fixed costs variable costs direct costs indirect costs overhead costs/overheads expenses/expenditure assets and liabilities fixed assets current assets receivables generate long-term liabilities current liabilities be due for |
витрати, видатки продукція; випуск, виготовлення; обсяг виробництва; продуктивність основні витрати змінні витрати прямі витрати непрямі, посередні витрати накладні витрати витрати, видатки активи та пасиви неліквідні активи; основний капітал поточні оборотні активи (кошти), оборотний капітал рахунки дебіторів; дебітори створювати довгострокові зобов'язання (пасиви) короткострокові зобов'язання (пасиви) бути зобов'язаним; підлягати (виплаті) |
The money that a business spends in order to produce goods or services is its costs. Different businesses have different cost structures and define and calculate their costs in different ways. One way of classifying the costs of a business is to relate them to the output of the firm.
Fixed costs are those which remain unchanged whatever the level of output, e.g. rent, interest charges, salaries; variable costs change directly with the output of the business.
Direct costs are directly related to the things produced. In manufacturing, for example, direct costs include raw materials and wages.
Indirect costs may include things like social security charges on top of the wages.
Overhead costs or overheads are used to mean different things, but usually cover all the regular non-production costs of running a business, such as salaries and telephone bills; they may include the cost of marketing. Costs are also referred to as expenses or expenditure.
Things of value owned by a firm are its assets. Fixed assets are long-term assets which are for use in the business and not for re-sale (land, buildings, furniture, etc.)
Current assets are used in the course of business. They include cash, receivables, bank deposits and investments in other companies. The assets help generate the income of the company.
Liabilities are what a business owes to those outside the business. Liabilities are classified as either long-term liabilities which are due for repayment after more than one year, or current liabilities which are short-term debts and debts to suppliers the company expects to pay within one year.
1 What are costs? 2 Do different businesses have similar cost structures? 3 How can the costs be classified? 4 What are fixed costs? 5 Do variable costs remain unchanged whatever the level of output? 6 What are direct costs related to? 7 What do indirect costs include? 8 What do overheads mean? 9 What are assets? 10 How are fixed assets distinguished from current assets? 11 What are liabilities? 12 How are liabilities classified? 12 What is the difference between long-term liabilities and current liabilities?