36. Secondary parts .Object

An object in grammar is part of a sentence, and often part of the predicate. It denotes somebody or something involved in the subject's "performance" of the verb. Basically, it is what the verb is being done to. As an example, the following sentence is given:

The main verb in the sentence determines whether there can or must be objects in the sentence, and if so how many and of what type.

Objects fall into three classes: direct objects, adpositional objects, and non-prepositional indirect objects. A direct object answers the question "What?", while an indirect object answers the question "To whom?" or "For whom?". An indirect object is the recipient of the direct object, or an otherwise affected participant in the event.

An object may take any of a number of forms, all of them nominal in some sense. Common forms include:

-A noun or noun phrase, as in "I remembered her advice."

-An infinitive or infinitival clause, as in "I remembered to eat."

-A gerund or gerund phrase, as in "I remembered being there."

-A declarative content clause, as in "I remembered that he was blond."

-An interrogative content clause, as in "I remembered why she had left."

-A fused relative clause, as in "I remembered what she wanted me to do."

In more isolating languages such as English, objects are marked by their position in the sentence or using adpositions . Modern English preserves a case distinction for pronouns, but it has conflated the accusative and the dative into a single objective form (him, her, me, etc., which may function either as direct or indirect objects).

37.The attribute

The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence modifying a part of the sentence expressed by a noun, a substantivized pronoun, a cardinal numeral, and any substantivized word, and characterizing the thing named by these words as to its quality or property.

The attribute can either precede or follow the noun it modifies. Accordingly we use terms prepositive and postpositive attribute. The position of an attribute with respect to its head-word depends partly on the morphological peculiarities of the attribute itself, and partly on stylistic factors.

The size of the prepositive attributive phrase can be large in ME. Whatever is included between the article and the noun, is apprehended as an attribute.

38. The Adverbial Modifier.

the term ‘adverbial modifier’ cannot be said to be a very lucky one, as it is apt to convey erroneous (wrong, incorrect) ideas about the essence of this secondary part. They have nothing to do with adverbs and they modify not only verbs.

There are several ways of classifying adverbial modifiers:

According to their meaning – not a grammatical classification. However it may acquire some grammatical significance.

According to their morphological peculiarities – according to the parts of speech and to the phrase patterns. It has also something to do with word order, and stands in a certain relation to the classification according to meaning.adverb,preposition + noun,a noun without a preposition,infinitive or an infinitive phrase

According to the type of their head-word – is the syntactic classification proper. The meaning of the word (phrase) acting as modifier should be compatible with the meaning of the head-word.

Adverbial modifier of:Time and frequency, Place and direction, Manner and attendant circumstances, Cause, Purpose, Result, Condition, Concession, Degree