29. Clasif of composite sentenc.

Composite sentence is formed by two or more predicative groups. Being a polypredicative construction, it expresses a complicated thought reflecting two or more elementary situational events.

Each predicative unit in a composite sentence makes up a clause in it that corresponds to a separate sentence as a part of a contextual sequence.

Composite sentence displays two principal types of the connection of clauses - subordination and coordination.

According to the traditional view, all composite sentences are to be classed into:

compound sentences (coordinating their clauses),

complex (subordinating their clauses).

A compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two or more clauses coordinated with each other. In a compound sentence the clauses may be connected:

A complex sentence is a polypredicative construction built up on the principle of subordination. Clauses in a complex sentence may be linked in two ways:

According to the grammatical function subordinate clauses can be divided into: subject, predicative, object and adverbial (of time, place, purpose, cause, condition, concession, result, manner, comparison)

30.COMPLEX SENTENCE

A complex sentence is a sentence with at least one dependent clause (subordinating clause). The dependent clause is introduced by either a subordinate conjunction such as although or because, or a relative pronoun such as who or which.

A subordinate clause—also called a dependent clause—will begin with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject and a verb. This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead make a reader want additional information to finish the thought.

CLASSIFICATION OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES

I. Classification on the ground of their SYNTACTIC FUNCTION:

1) Subordinate Subject clause: Subject clauses perform the function of subject to the predicate of the PC (What I want to do is…). If the SC follows the PC the introductory "it" is used in the PC (It was possible that they have done so). SC are connected with the PC: 1) By the conjunctions "that, if, whether"; 2) By the connectives "who, which, what, whoever, whatever; where when, how, why"; 3) Asyndetically (It's a pity…). 2) Subordinate Complement / Predicative clause: Predicative clauses perform the function of a predicative. In the PC only a part of the predicate is found – a link verb, which together with the PrC forms a compound nominal predicate. PrC are connected with the PC: 1) By the conjunctions "that, if, whether, as if" (My attitude is that…); 2) By connectives "who, which, what; where, when, how, why" (The question was…); 3) Asyndetically (The thing was they had to…). 3) Subordinate Object clause: Object clauses perform the function of an object to the predicate verb of the PC (I don't know what you are talking about). An OC may also refer to a non-finite form of the verb (I wanted to ask…), to an adjective (He was conscious…), or to a word belonging to the part of speech expressing state (She was aware…). OC are connected with the PC: 1) By the conjunctions "that, if, whether"; 2) By the connectives "who, which, what, whatever, whoever, whichever; where, when, how, why"; 3) Asyndetically (She said…). An OC is sometimes preceded by the intro. "it" (I insist upon it that…). 4) Subordinate Attribute / Adjective clause: 5) Subordinate Adverbial clause: II. Classification on the ground of their SIMILARITY with the parts of speech: 1) The Noun Clause: 2) The Adjective / Attributive Clauses: An attributive clause serves as an attribute to some nouns or pronouns in the main clause. This noun or pronoun is called an antecedent (tiền tố). 3) The Adverbial Clauses: Add the meaning to a verb, an adjective or an adverb of the main clause in the function of an adverbial modifier.

31. COMPOUND SENTENCE The CdS is a sentence which consists of 2 or more clauses coordinated with each other. A clause or a major sentence is a regular sentencenwhich has a subject and a predicate of its own and a minor sentence is an irregular type of sentence which does not contain a finite verb. In a CdS the clauses may be connected syndetically – by means of coordinating conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs, or asyndetically. Types of coordination: 1) Copulative coordination (соединительная связь) – with the help of the conjunctions "and, nor, neither… nor, not only… but (also)" the statement expressed in one clause is simply added to that expressed in another. 2) Disjunctive coordination (разделительная связь) – with the help of the conjunctions "or, else, either… or" and the conjunctive adverb "otherwise" a choice is offered between the statements expressed in 2 clauses. 3) Adversative coordination (противительная связь) – the conjunctions "but, while, whereas" and the CA "nevertheless, still, yet" are connecting 2 clauses contrasting in meaning. 4) Causative-consecutive coordination (причинно-следственная связь) – the conjunction "for" introduces coordinate clauses explaining the preceding statement, the conjunction "so" and the CA "therefore, consequently, hence, accordingly" introduce coordinate clauses denoting cause, consequence and result.

32. Semi-compound sentence is a semi-composite sentence built up on the principle of coordination. Semi-compound sentence is derived from 2 base sentences having an identical element performing the syntactic function of the subject or that of the predicate. The semi-compound sentences fall into those with coordinated subjects or coordinated predicates with syndetic or asyndetic connection. According to the structure of the semi-composite sentences, they are divided into semi-complex and semi-compound ones, which correspond to the proper complex and compound sentences. The semi-complex sentence is built up on the principle of subordination. It is derived from 2 or more base sentences, one is matrix and the other is insert. The matrix sentence becomes the dominant part of the resulting construction and the insert sentence – its subordinate semi-clause. The sentences based on position-sharing are divided into those of subject-sharing and those of object-sharing.

33. Principal parts of the sentence

The subject and the predicate constitute the backbone of the sentence: without them the sentence would not exist at all, whereas all other parts may or may not be there, and if they are there, they serve to define or modify either the subject or the predicate, or each other.

The subject is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence:

It denotes the thing whose action or characteristic is expressed by the predicate.

It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence.

The predicate is one of the 2 main parts of the sentence:

It denotes the action or property of the thing expressed by the subject

It is not dependent on any other part of the sentence.

Ways of expressing the predicate are varied and their structure will better be considered under the heading of types of predicate.

It is sometimes claimed that the predicate agrees in number with the subject: when the subject is in the singular, the predicate is bound to be in the singular, and vice versa. However this statement is very doubtful.

Types of predicate:

Predicates may be classified in 2 ways, one of which is based on their structure (simple or compound), and the other on their morphological characteristics (verbal or nominal).

Structural classification:

simple predicate (verbal and nominal)

compound predicate (verbaland nominal

Morphological classification:

verbal predicate (simple and compound)

nominal predicate(simple and compound)

34. Subject as a constituent of the sentence

The subject is one of the two main constituents of a clause, according to a tradition that can be tracked back to Aristotle. The other constituent is the predicate. In English, subjects govern agreement on the verb or auxiliary verb that carries the main tense of the sentence, as exemplified by the difference in verb forms between he eats and they eat.

The subject is a phrasal constituent, and should be distinguished from parts of speech, which, roughly, classify words within constituent.

Forms of subject

The subject is a noun phrase in the sentence and can be realised by the following forms

-A determinerless noun phrase, also called a bare noun phrase. In English, this is mostly limited to plural noun phrases and noun phrases headed by a mass noun.

-A noun phrase introduced by a determiner. This complex (determiner + noun phrase) is usually called a determiner phrase:

-A gerund.

-An infinitive.

-A full clause, introduced by the complementizer that, itself containing a subject and a predicate.

-A direct quotation:

-An expletive.

A subject in English typically matches two types of pattern: agreement and word order. The subject of a sentence is often privileged in various ways pertaining to its relation to other expressions in the sentence.

35. The predicate as a const of the senten

a predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the subject, which the predicate modifies). For the simple sentence "John is Yellow" John acts as the subject, and is yellow acts as the predicate, a subsequent description of the subject headed with a verb.

In traditional English grammar, predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence The predicate must contain a verb, and the verb requires, permits, or precludes other sentence elements to complete the predicate. These elements are: objects (direct, indirect, prepositional), predicatives (aka predicate complements: subject complements and object complements) and adverbials (either obligatory or adjuncts).

Classes of predicate

-Carlson classes-After the work of Greg N. Carlson, predicates have been divided into the following sub-classes, which roughly pertain to how a predicate relates to its subject.

-Stage-level predicates-A stage-level predicate is true of a temporal stage of its subject.

-Individual-level predicates-An individual-level predicate ("i-l predicate") is true throughout the existence of an individual.

-Kind-level predicates-is true of a kind of thing, but cannot be applied to individual members of the kind.

-Collective vs. distributive predicates-Collective predicates require their subjects to be somehow plural, while distributive ones don't.