I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 3,4,5.

Ohlin Bertil

1. Ohlin Bertil (Gotthard) is known as еhe founder of the modern theory of the dynamics of trade. He was born in 1899 in Sweden and from his early childhood showed extraordinary capabil­- ities. Having finished school at age of fifteen, Bertil entered the University of Lund where he was specially interested in such subjects as economics, statistics and mathematics. Bertil has also graduated from the Stockholm University under Eli Heckscher where he took special interest in economics and business management. His interest in international trade developed early and he presented in 1922 a thesis on trade theory.

2. Ohlin studied for a period at both the University of Oxford and Harvard University. After ob­- taining his doctorate from Stockholm University in 1924, Ohlin became a professor at the University of Copenhagen. In 1933 Ohlin published a work that won him world publicity, «Interregional and International Trade», providing a theory of the basis of international trade. It is now known as Heck-­ scher — Ohlin theory and has become standard. It appeared also to be a basis for his later work on the effects of protection on real wages. As a member of the «Stockholm school» of economists, Ohlin developed, from the foundation laid by Knut Wicksell, a theoretical treatment of macroeconomic policy and the importance of aggregate demand which anticipated that of Keynes.

3. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory focuses on the two most important factors of production: la- bour and capital. Some countries are relatively well-endowed with capital; the typical worker may have plenty of machinery and equipment at his disposal. In such countries, wage rates generally are high. Products requiring much labour-such as textiles, sporting goods, and simple consumer electronics — tend as a result to be more expensive than in countries with plentiful labourand low- wage rates. On the other hand, goods requiring much capital and only a little labour (automobiles and chemicals, for example) abundant capital should generally be able to produce capital-inten-­ sive goods relatively inexpensively, exporting them in order to pay for imports of labour-intensive goods.

4. Despite its plausibility the Heckscher-Ohlin theory is frequently contradicted with the ac­- tual patterns of international trade. As an explanation of what countries actually export and import, it is much less accurate than the more obvious and straightforward natural resource theory. That is: countries having plentiful natural resources generally have a comparative advantage in prod­ucts using those resources. In the Heckscher-Ohlin theory it is not the absolute amount of capital that is important; rather, it is the amount of capital per worker.

5. A small country like Luxembourg has much less capital in total than India, but Luxembourg has more capital per worker. Accordingly, Ohlin theory predicts that Luxembourg will have to ex­port capital-intensive products to India and import labour-intensive products in return. The Unit­ed States should export capital-intensive goods and import labour intensive ones. But in reality U.S. exports are generally more labour-intensive than the type of products that the United States imports. This is known as Leontief Paradox.

6. By 1977 Ohlin had published many scientific papers on international trade and had investi­gated the nature of the world economical depression, had developed the capital market theory. And in 1977 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics, which he shared with James Meade. Ohlin served as head of the Liberal Party in Sweeden from 1944 to 1967, but he had only a brief stint in public office. He had been a member of the Riksdag — Swedish parlament — from 1938 to 1970 and a Minister of Commerce in Sweden's wartime government. He died in 1979 having been world recognised as a prominent scientist in the sphere of world economy and the Nobel Prize Awarder.

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4. Выпишите из 3, 5 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть модальные гла­голы и их заменители.

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6. Выпишите из 1, 2, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть Герундий (Gerund) и Причастие 1 Перфектное (Participle I Perfect). Определите их функции в предложении.

2. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:

Why is Ohlin's theory frequently contradicted with the actual patterns of international trade?

ВАРИАНТ 5