I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 1,4,6.

Andrey Sakharov

1. 

   Andrey Sakharov, the outstanding nuclear physicist, was born in Moscow, Russia on May 14.He was a son of a physicist and his exceptional scientific promise was recognised early.He won a doctorate at the age of 26 and was admitted as a full member of the Soviel Academy of Sciences at age 32. By that time he had worked for several years with Igor Tamm as a theoretical physicist to develop the Soviet Union's first hydrogen bomb. He has also devised with Tamm the theoretical basis for controlled thermonuclear fusion.

1. Having invented the deadly weapon, nevertheless, Andrey Sakharov was an outspoken advocate of human rights, civil liberties and reforms in the country. As a prominent Soviet scientist, he was accorded luxuries and honours. But in 1961 he went on record against the plan to test a lOO-megaton hydrogen bomb in the atmosphere, fearing the effects of widespread radioactive fallout. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace, but in 1975 the Soviet scientist had to overcome many obstacles in his way for world recognition and awards.

2. In 1968 Sakharov published in the West his essay «Progress, Co­existence and Intellectual Freedom», in which he called for nuclear arms reductions, predicted and endorsed the eventual integration communist and capitalist systems in a form of democratic socialism, and criticized the increasing repres­sion of Soviet dissidents. Being world-known as «a father of hydrogen bomb», now Andrey Sa­kharov is called «the human rights defender».

4. After marrying the human-rights activist Yelena G. Bonner in 1971, they continued their mutual work for human rights and against political repression. As a result Andrey Sakharov was isolated and became the target of official censure. In December 1979, with his denunciation of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and his call for a world boycott of the Moscow Olympic Games, he was silenced. He was not able to publish his works in his country, and did not have to meet with certain people, scientists, public figures.

5. A year later, the Soviet government stripped him of his honours and exiled him to the closed city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod). Soon after, Yelena Bonner was convicted of anti-Soviet activities and was likewise confined to Gorky. Andrey Sakharov has been very popular in our coun-­ try and abroad so many people were eager to meet with the prominent scientist and highly intellec­- tual person. In spite of all difficulties he continued to work and had managed to publish some of his notes abroad.

6. Michail S.Gorbachev in 1986 released Sakharov and Bonner from their exile and let them return to Moscow. Having been elected to the Congress of People's Deputies three years later, Sakharov had his honours restored. He saw many of the causes for which he had fought and suf-­ fered become official policy under Gorbachev. His last years Sakharov spent in deserved honour and intensive work after all of this ignorance and moral attacks from persons not understanding the great genius of his mind and humanitarian essence of his soul. Sakharov's memoirs, translated by Richard Lourie, were published in 1990.

2. Выпишите из 1, 2, 5, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречаются Participle I, Participle 2 в функции определения и переведите.

3. Выпишите из 1,2,4 абзацев текста предложения, в которых сказуемое упо-­ требляется в форме настоящего или прошедшего времени страдательного залога изъ-­ явительного наклонения (The Present Simple Passive, The Past Simple Passive). Предло-­ жения переведите.

4. Выпишите из 2, 4 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть модальные гла­- голы и их заменители.

5. Выпишите из 1, 5, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых встречается гла-­ гол в форме Present Perfect, Past Perfect. Предложения переведите.

6. Выпишите из 2, 4, 6 абзацев текста предложения, в которых есть Герундий (Gerund) и Причастие I Перфектное (Participle I Perfect). Определите их функции в предложении.

7. Ответьте письменно на вопрос:

For what merits Andrey Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1975?

ВАРИАНТ 3