- •The Object and Aims of Stylistics.
- •2)The Norm of Language. Standard English.
- •3)Functional Style. Register.
- •5)Scientific Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •6)Lexical Peculiarities of the Scientific Style.
- •8) The Style of Official Documents. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •9)Newspaper Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •10) Lexical Peculiarities of the Newspaper Style.
- •11) Structural Peculiarities of the ns
- •12) Publicistic Style. Its criteria and linguistic peculiarities
- •13) Lexical Peculiarities of the ps
- •14) Structural Peculiarities of the ps
- •15) Literary-Colloquial Style / Received Standard /. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •16) Lexical Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •17) Structural Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •18) Familiar Colloquial Style. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •19) Low Colloquial Speech. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •20) Stylistic Differentiation of Vocabulary
- •21. Formal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •22. Informal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •23. Common literary words and their stylistic functions
- •29. Poetic, Highly Literary Words, Archaisms
- •30. Neutral words
- •31. Stylistic colouring
- •32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation and Connotation. Implication. Presupposition.
- •33. Context
- •34. Stylistic context
- •35. Stylistic function
- •37. Language and speech functions.
- •38) Stylistic Differentiation of Phraseological Units. Stylistic Functioning of Phraseological Units.
- •The Clichés
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Epigrams
- •Allusions
- •39). Phonetic Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices.
- •40) Graphic Expressive Means.
- •41) Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices. Tropes. Figures of Speech.
- •42). The Metaphoric Group of sd: Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Epithet.
- •43) Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Inequality: Climax, Anticlimax, Hyperbole, Litotes.
- •44. Metonymic Group of sd: Metonymy, Synechdoche.
- •46. Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Identity: Synonymic Pairs, Synonymic Variation, Euphemism, Periphrasis.
- •47. Sd based on the relations of opposition: Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony.
- •48. Inversion, Detachment, Parenthesis.
- •49. Expressive means based on the absence of the logically required components: Ellipsis, Break-in-the narrative, nominative sentences, apokoinu constructions.
- •51. Expressive means based on the Transferred use of structural meaning: Rhetoric question, Emphatic negation, reported speech.
- •52. Expressive means based on the Juxtaposition of different parts of the utterance: Parallelism, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epiphora.
- •53. Expressive means based on the way the parts are connected: Asyndeton, polysyndeton, the Gap- Sentence Link.
- •54) Semi-marked structures
- •55) Zeugma, Semantically false chain, pun.
- •56) Enumeration, suspense.
- •57. Nouns
- •58.Pronouns
- •59. Adjectives. Verb. Adverbs
- •60) Literary Criticism and Linguistic Stylistics.
- •61) Stylistic Analysis/ from the Author’s, Reader’s point of view. Levels and Methods of Analysis. Linguostylistic analysis of imaginative literature.
- •62. Interaction of Stylistic Colouring& the Context
- •63. The use of the stylistically coloured words in a literary text
- •64. Expressiveness of word-building
- •65. Semantic Structure of the Word & Interaction of Direct & Indirect Transferred Meanings
- •66. The Use of Polysemy and Repetition
- •67.Lexical Analysis & a Literary Text Analysis. Thematic Net.
- •68. The theory of Images. The structure. Functions of images.
- •69.Syntactic Convergence.
- •70. Text: the Author’s Speech. Direct and Indirect Represented Speech. Paragraph.
- •71. Formal & Informal English.
- •Informal english:
- •72. Spoken & Written English.
- •73. Plot and Plot Structure.
- •74. System of Images. Means of Characterization.
- •75. Narrative Method.
- •76. Tonal System.
- •77. The Message of a Literary Work.
- •78. Style in Language.
62. Interaction of Stylistic Colouring& the Context
Stylistic colouring - component of usual connotation of a word, it points to typical sphere of usage of words which associates with them and influence them. Every word & every meaning of a polysemantic words gets stylistic colouring to conditions of communication where it is usually used and according to functions of a language in particular sphere. Stylistically coloured words are used in functional style, restricted & limited. Context -linguistic surrounding of concrete element of a text: words, phrases which surrounding it + connection with words which affect its meaning & its understanding. Stylistic context - back ground on which the expressivity of SD appears due to relations of contrast & identity. Words & meanings of polysemantic words get stylistic colouring & other connotations in these conditions of communication for which they are typical, in which they are usually used. However most intensively stylistic colouring is perceived and may perform various stylistic functions just outside its usual sphere of usage. Novel written in familiar-colloquial style: I appearance of archaic words may sound ironical even if it is surrounded by neutral lexis: ‘i’ve had to explain this so often to elder brethren that it’s now a routine”. Main types or relations in context: contrast & identity.
63. The use of the stylistically coloured words in a literary text
Peculiarities of usage of stylistically coloured words in literary text lies in phenomenon of irradiation: one poetic word, slang, vulgar word appearing in a context of neutral ones may make the whole utterance sound lofty/vulgar. Stylistically coloured words are often met when there is a description of a character. It helps to show his life experience, profession & interest. Writers use stylistically coloured words for more exact description of characters, to make a story credible. Used as euphemism, used for exact description of settings. Professionalisms f.e. appear in abundances in a text, if its theme, plot are connected with work of some institution, special organization, airport, port etc. Abundance of professionalisms adds not just to the credibility of a text but also to be given food for thought, be active participant of a novel.
64. Expressiveness of word-building
Affixes have connotation potential (коннотационный потенциал).
ish+adj – modality polite words, when a speaker doesn’t want to be too direct, rigid (biggish, dullish)
ish+proper noun (Mark Twainish)
ish+common noun – negative evaluation (childish, bookish, womanish; exception: young-girlish – neutral)
ard, ster/aster, eer, monger – negative evaluation (drunkard, coward, gangster)
o - in teenage slang (oldo, kiddo)
diminutive suffixes (kin, let, ling, y, ie) – small size or familiar, endearing or derogatory (lambkin, chicklet, weakling, daddy, oldie)
Models of compound words where comic effect is achieved by unusual valency (boy-frienf-in-chief)
Syntactically compound words – names of people based not on word patterns but on syntagmatic pattern: “might-have-been”, “also-ran” – negative evaluation.
Proper names + boy, lad, lass – familiar-colloquial & positive colouring (Johnny-lad, Katy-lass)
Doubling & rhyming: chit-chat, riff-raff – humorous & light disparaging connotation.
Verbs with post positions – colloquial colouring, devoid of emotional colouring.