- •The Object and Aims of Stylistics.
- •2)The Norm of Language. Standard English.
- •3)Functional Style. Register.
- •5)Scientific Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •6)Lexical Peculiarities of the Scientific Style.
- •8) The Style of Official Documents. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •9)Newspaper Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •10) Lexical Peculiarities of the Newspaper Style.
- •11) Structural Peculiarities of the ns
- •12) Publicistic Style. Its criteria and linguistic peculiarities
- •13) Lexical Peculiarities of the ps
- •14) Structural Peculiarities of the ps
- •15) Literary-Colloquial Style / Received Standard /. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •16) Lexical Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •17) Structural Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •18) Familiar Colloquial Style. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •19) Low Colloquial Speech. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •20) Stylistic Differentiation of Vocabulary
- •21. Formal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •22. Informal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •23. Common literary words and their stylistic functions
- •29. Poetic, Highly Literary Words, Archaisms
- •30. Neutral words
- •31. Stylistic colouring
- •32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation and Connotation. Implication. Presupposition.
- •33. Context
- •34. Stylistic context
- •35. Stylistic function
- •37. Language and speech functions.
- •38) Stylistic Differentiation of Phraseological Units. Stylistic Functioning of Phraseological Units.
- •The Clichés
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Epigrams
- •Allusions
- •39). Phonetic Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices.
- •40) Graphic Expressive Means.
- •41) Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices. Tropes. Figures of Speech.
- •42). The Metaphoric Group of sd: Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Epithet.
- •43) Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Inequality: Climax, Anticlimax, Hyperbole, Litotes.
- •44. Metonymic Group of sd: Metonymy, Synechdoche.
- •46. Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Identity: Synonymic Pairs, Synonymic Variation, Euphemism, Periphrasis.
- •47. Sd based on the relations of opposition: Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony.
- •48. Inversion, Detachment, Parenthesis.
- •49. Expressive means based on the absence of the logically required components: Ellipsis, Break-in-the narrative, nominative sentences, apokoinu constructions.
- •51. Expressive means based on the Transferred use of structural meaning: Rhetoric question, Emphatic negation, reported speech.
- •52. Expressive means based on the Juxtaposition of different parts of the utterance: Parallelism, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epiphora.
- •53. Expressive means based on the way the parts are connected: Asyndeton, polysyndeton, the Gap- Sentence Link.
- •54) Semi-marked structures
- •55) Zeugma, Semantically false chain, pun.
- •56) Enumeration, suspense.
- •57. Nouns
- •58.Pronouns
- •59. Adjectives. Verb. Adverbs
- •60) Literary Criticism and Linguistic Stylistics.
- •61) Stylistic Analysis/ from the Author’s, Reader’s point of view. Levels and Methods of Analysis. Linguostylistic analysis of imaginative literature.
- •62. Interaction of Stylistic Colouring& the Context
- •63. The use of the stylistically coloured words in a literary text
- •64. Expressiveness of word-building
- •65. Semantic Structure of the Word & Interaction of Direct & Indirect Transferred Meanings
- •66. The Use of Polysemy and Repetition
- •67.Lexical Analysis & a Literary Text Analysis. Thematic Net.
- •68. The theory of Images. The structure. Functions of images.
- •69.Syntactic Convergence.
- •70. Text: the Author’s Speech. Direct and Indirect Represented Speech. Paragraph.
- •71. Formal & Informal English.
- •Informal english:
- •72. Spoken & Written English.
- •73. Plot and Plot Structure.
- •74. System of Images. Means of Characterization.
- •75. Narrative Method.
- •76. Tonal System.
- •77. The Message of a Literary Work.
- •78. Style in Language.
57. Nouns
Nouns can perform different stylistical functions. Nouns denoting animals can be used to describe a person. In this case they possess strong emotional, expressive & evaluative components. E.g."You little pig!”- Tender & a little bit ironical nuance. "You lazy dog!” - Negative evaluation & strong emotive component.
There is also a strong emotional & expressive connotation, when an abstract noun is used instead of nouns, denoting a person. “He is a disgrace to his family”. Besides such usage of the nouns shows the utterance belongs to the colloquial style mostly.
The use of genitive case - is the means of personification, which always includes some emotional colouring: “winter’s gloomy face”.
To increase expressiveness in the description of landscapes one may use material nouns in plural form, though they don’t have it as a rule: “sands of Africa”, “waters of the Ocean”.
An indefinite article + proper name: evaluative component (negative or positive): “I don’t claim to be a Caruso”; belonging to a famous family (used as a satirical means): “She was a Dobson”;
A definite article + proper name: it shows that a person is famous for something, increasing the expressiveness; it can help to associate the noun with the previous context.
The interchange of sentences with additional articles & with no articles creates a certain rhythm of the utterance.
58.Pronouns
Pronoun “I” usually serves as a formal sign of the 1st person narrative. But its overuse shows the selfishness & self- satisfaction of the narrator. And when the narrator replaces “I” by “one” & “you”, the contact between him & the listener becomes close & more respectful. The narrator can speak about himself in the third person, talking a detached view by this and focusing attention on him. Pronouns “he", “she”, “it” may serve formal signs of personification. Archaic pronouns “thou”, “thy”, etc add to the historical or geographical colour, create elevation in poems. Demonstrative pronouns “this” & “that” have emotive connotation, if they don’t point any object. They can express irritation & anger, as well as mockery. They can create emphasis in the text. Other pronouns also can be emotive & emphatic, under condition of violation of their unusual connection with their referents.
59. Adjectives. Verb. Adverbs
The comparative & superlative degrees of adjectives are very close to the expressive category of stylistics. In familiar colloquial style it is possible to intensify the object with the help of an adjective & the demonstrative pronoun “that”: “She is that foolish”. The usage of the comparative or superlative degrees of the adjective, which usually don’t have them, add to the expressiveness of the word: “You can’t be deader than the dead”.
Present indefinite is used to describe some historical events, which creates the effect of presence. Continuous forms are emotional. They can express surprise, distrust, and indignation. In low colloquial speech the auxiliary verbs can be omitted or used in the incorrect form: “You done me good.”, “I says it’s true.” Modal verbs perform the emotive function of the language.
Adverbs may serve as a link between the paragraphs in the text. Adverbs add to creation of the temporal plan of narration.