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53. Expressive means based on the way the parts are connected: Asyndeton, polysyndeton, the Gap- Sentence Link.

The arrangement of sentence members, the completeness of sentence structure necessarily involve various types of connection used within the sentence or between sentences. Repeated use of conjunctions is called polysyndeton; deliberate omission of them is, correspondingly, named asyndeton. Both p. and a., have a strong rhythmic impact. Besides, the functions of polysyndeton

  1. to strengthen the idea of equal logical (emotive) importance of connected sentences/emphasize the validity of the indicated phenomenon regardless of its varying denominations by various parties concerned(repetition of “or”);

  2. create the atmosphere of bustling activity (“and”).

  3. Rhythmical

  4. Disintegrating( each member of a string of facts stands out conspicuously)

  5. Express sequence

“The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect”.

Asyndeton, cutting off connecting words,

  1. helps to create the effect of terse, energetic, active prose;

  2. show a succession of minute, immediately following each other activities.

  3. Give laconic and at the same time detailed introduction into the action proper (when opens the story/passage)

“Soames turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave, watching a coffin slowly lowered.”

These two types of connection are more characteristic of the author’s speech. The third type — attachment (gap-sentence, leaning sentence, link)(GSL) on the contrary, is mainly to be found in various representations of the voice of the personage — dialogue, reported speech, entrusted narrative. In the attachment the second part of the utterance is separated from the first one by a full stop though their semantic and grammatical ties remain very strong. The second part appears as an afterthought and is often connected with the beginning of the utterance with the help of a conjunction, which brings the latter into the foregrounded opening position. GSL is generally indicated by and/but.

“It wasn’t his fault. It was yours. And mine.” “Prison is where she belongs. And my husband agrees one thousand per cent.” Functions:

  1. To signal the introduction of inner represented speech

  2. Indicate a subjective evaluation of the facts

  3. Introduce an effect resulting from a cause which has already had verbal expression

  4. Unexpected coupling of ideas

  5. Stir up in the reader’s mind the suppositions, associations/ conditions under which the sentence uttered can really exist

54) Semi-marked structures

Semi-marked structures are a variety of defeated expectancy associ­ated with the deviation from the grammatical and lexical norm. It's an extreme case of defeated expectancy much stronger than low ex­pectancy encountered in a paradox or anti-climax, the unpredictable element is used contrary to the norm so it produces a very strong emphatic impact.

In the following lines by G. Baker we observe a semi-marked structure on a grammatical basis:

The stupid heart that will not learn. The everywhere of grief

The word everywhere is not a noun, but an adverb and cannot be used with an article and a preposition, besides grief is an abstract noun that cannot be used as an object with a noun denoting location. However the lines make sense for the poet and the readers who interpret them as the poetic equivalent of the author's overwhelming feeling of sadness and dejection.

Lexical deviation from the norm usually means breaking the laws of semantic compatibility and lexical valency. Arnold considers semi-marked structures as a part of tropes based on the unexpected or unpredictable relations established between objects and phenomena by the author. She ... tried her best to spoil the party. (Erdrich)

Would you believe it, that unnatural father wouldn't stump up.

He liked the ugly little college... (Waugh)

Such combination of lexical units in our normal everyday speech is rare. However in spite of their apparent incongruity s-m structures of both types are widely used in literary texts that are full of sophisticated correlations which help to read sense into most unpredictable combinations of lexical units.

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