- •The Object and Aims of Stylistics.
- •2)The Norm of Language. Standard English.
- •3)Functional Style. Register.
- •5)Scientific Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •6)Lexical Peculiarities of the Scientific Style.
- •8) The Style of Official Documents. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •9)Newspaper Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •10) Lexical Peculiarities of the Newspaper Style.
- •11) Structural Peculiarities of the ns
- •12) Publicistic Style. Its criteria and linguistic peculiarities
- •13) Lexical Peculiarities of the ps
- •14) Structural Peculiarities of the ps
- •15) Literary-Colloquial Style / Received Standard /. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •16) Lexical Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •17) Structural Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •18) Familiar Colloquial Style. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •19) Low Colloquial Speech. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •20) Stylistic Differentiation of Vocabulary
- •21. Formal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •22. Informal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •23. Common literary words and their stylistic functions
- •29. Poetic, Highly Literary Words, Archaisms
- •30. Neutral words
- •31. Stylistic colouring
- •32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation and Connotation. Implication. Presupposition.
- •33. Context
- •34. Stylistic context
- •35. Stylistic function
- •37. Language and speech functions.
- •38) Stylistic Differentiation of Phraseological Units. Stylistic Functioning of Phraseological Units.
- •The Clichés
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Epigrams
- •Allusions
- •39). Phonetic Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices.
- •40) Graphic Expressive Means.
- •41) Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices. Tropes. Figures of Speech.
- •42). The Metaphoric Group of sd: Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Epithet.
- •43) Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Inequality: Climax, Anticlimax, Hyperbole, Litotes.
- •44. Metonymic Group of sd: Metonymy, Synechdoche.
- •46. Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Identity: Synonymic Pairs, Synonymic Variation, Euphemism, Periphrasis.
- •47. Sd based on the relations of opposition: Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony.
- •48. Inversion, Detachment, Parenthesis.
- •49. Expressive means based on the absence of the logically required components: Ellipsis, Break-in-the narrative, nominative sentences, apokoinu constructions.
- •51. Expressive means based on the Transferred use of structural meaning: Rhetoric question, Emphatic negation, reported speech.
- •52. Expressive means based on the Juxtaposition of different parts of the utterance: Parallelism, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epiphora.
- •53. Expressive means based on the way the parts are connected: Asyndeton, polysyndeton, the Gap- Sentence Link.
- •54) Semi-marked structures
- •55) Zeugma, Semantically false chain, pun.
- •56) Enumeration, suspense.
- •57. Nouns
- •58.Pronouns
- •59. Adjectives. Verb. Adverbs
- •60) Literary Criticism and Linguistic Stylistics.
- •61) Stylistic Analysis/ from the Author’s, Reader’s point of view. Levels and Methods of Analysis. Linguostylistic analysis of imaginative literature.
- •62. Interaction of Stylistic Colouring& the Context
- •63. The use of the stylistically coloured words in a literary text
- •64. Expressiveness of word-building
- •65. Semantic Structure of the Word & Interaction of Direct & Indirect Transferred Meanings
- •66. The Use of Polysemy and Repetition
- •67.Lexical Analysis & a Literary Text Analysis. Thematic Net.
- •68. The theory of Images. The structure. Functions of images.
- •69.Syntactic Convergence.
- •70. Text: the Author’s Speech. Direct and Indirect Represented Speech. Paragraph.
- •71. Formal & Informal English.
- •Informal english:
- •72. Spoken & Written English.
- •73. Plot and Plot Structure.
- •74. System of Images. Means of Characterization.
- •75. Narrative Method.
- •76. Tonal System.
- •77. The Message of a Literary Work.
- •78. Style in Language.
51. Expressive means based on the Transferred use of structural meaning: Rhetoric question, Emphatic negation, reported speech.
Rhetoric question - a special syntactical SD the essence of which consists in reshaping the gram-al meaning of the interrogative sentence. In other words a question is no longer a question but a positive or negative statement expressed in a form of an interrogative sentence. “Are these the remedies for a starving and desperate populace?” Most often used in publicistic style (in oratory).
R. q. are generally structurally embodied in complex sentences with the subordinate clauses containing the pronouncement. Without the attributive clause the r.q. would lose its specific quality and might be regarded as an ordinary question. Negative-interrogative sent-es are full of emotive meaning and modality (have an additional shade of meaning: doubt/suggestion/assertion): “Have I not suffered things to be forgiven?” “Don’t I remember!” Functions:
Express various kinds of modal shades of meaning (doubt/challenge/scorn/irony)
Increases the degree of emotiveness, addresses to the reader
Express disagreement with the interlocutor’s point of view “What business is it of yours?”
Reported (represented) speech – representation of the actual utterance by a second person, usually the author, as if it had been spoken. Represented speech serves to show either the mental reproduction of a once uttered remark, or the character’s thinking. Function: to describe events and express the character’s attitude to them simultaneously, as author’s narration and character’s inner speech is blended . Types:
represented uttered speech demands that the tense should be switched from present to past and that the personal pronouns should be changed from 1st and 2nd person to 3d person as in indirect speech, but the syntactical structure of the utterance doesn’t change. “Could he bring a reference from where he now was? He could.” “A man not to know what he had on? No, no!”
represented inner speech, it is close to the personage’s interior speech in essence, but differs from it in form: it is rendered in the third person singular and may have the author’s qualitative words, i.e. it reflects the presence of the author’s viewpoint alongside that of the character, while interior speech belongs to the personage completely, formally too, which is materialized through the first-person pronouns and the language idiosyncrasies of the character. It is usually introduced by verbs of mental perception: think, feel, occur. “Why weren’t things going well between them? He wondered”
Emphatic negation E. g. -Have we got any butter? - No, not in the least. Negation is more expressive and emotive than agreement, because it makes the phrase more laconic and it creates the impression of inevitable event. It creates: hopelessness and despair in poetry; in colloquial style it has evaluative coloring, disapproval; accumulation of them makes it seem more agitated; indecisiveness; double negation is characteristic of low-colloquial style, it is really expressive. Litotes is widely used in emphatic negations (It is not unlikely, he was not unaware of). In colloquial style litotes are used to create irony and restrain. In scientific style it creates carefulness (it is not difficult to see).