- •The Object and Aims of Stylistics.
- •2)The Norm of Language. Standard English.
- •3)Functional Style. Register.
- •5)Scientific Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •6)Lexical Peculiarities of the Scientific Style.
- •8) The Style of Official Documents. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •9)Newspaper Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •10) Lexical Peculiarities of the Newspaper Style.
- •11) Structural Peculiarities of the ns
- •12) Publicistic Style. Its criteria and linguistic peculiarities
- •13) Lexical Peculiarities of the ps
- •14) Structural Peculiarities of the ps
- •15) Literary-Colloquial Style / Received Standard /. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •16) Lexical Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •17) Structural Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •18) Familiar Colloquial Style. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •19) Low Colloquial Speech. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •20) Stylistic Differentiation of Vocabulary
- •21. Formal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •22. Informal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •23. Common literary words and their stylistic functions
- •29. Poetic, Highly Literary Words, Archaisms
- •30. Neutral words
- •31. Stylistic colouring
- •32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation and Connotation. Implication. Presupposition.
- •33. Context
- •34. Stylistic context
- •35. Stylistic function
- •37. Language and speech functions.
- •38) Stylistic Differentiation of Phraseological Units. Stylistic Functioning of Phraseological Units.
- •The Clichés
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Epigrams
- •Allusions
- •39). Phonetic Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices.
- •40) Graphic Expressive Means.
- •41) Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices. Tropes. Figures of Speech.
- •42). The Metaphoric Group of sd: Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Epithet.
- •43) Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Inequality: Climax, Anticlimax, Hyperbole, Litotes.
- •44. Metonymic Group of sd: Metonymy, Synechdoche.
- •46. Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Identity: Synonymic Pairs, Synonymic Variation, Euphemism, Periphrasis.
- •47. Sd based on the relations of opposition: Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony.
- •48. Inversion, Detachment, Parenthesis.
- •49. Expressive means based on the absence of the logically required components: Ellipsis, Break-in-the narrative, nominative sentences, apokoinu constructions.
- •51. Expressive means based on the Transferred use of structural meaning: Rhetoric question, Emphatic negation, reported speech.
- •52. Expressive means based on the Juxtaposition of different parts of the utterance: Parallelism, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epiphora.
- •53. Expressive means based on the way the parts are connected: Asyndeton, polysyndeton, the Gap- Sentence Link.
- •54) Semi-marked structures
- •55) Zeugma, Semantically false chain, pun.
- •56) Enumeration, suspense.
- •57. Nouns
- •58.Pronouns
- •59. Adjectives. Verb. Adverbs
- •60) Literary Criticism and Linguistic Stylistics.
- •61) Stylistic Analysis/ from the Author’s, Reader’s point of view. Levels and Methods of Analysis. Linguostylistic analysis of imaginative literature.
- •62. Interaction of Stylistic Colouring& the Context
- •63. The use of the stylistically coloured words in a literary text
- •64. Expressiveness of word-building
- •65. Semantic Structure of the Word & Interaction of Direct & Indirect Transferred Meanings
- •66. The Use of Polysemy and Repetition
- •67.Lexical Analysis & a Literary Text Analysis. Thematic Net.
- •68. The theory of Images. The structure. Functions of images.
- •69.Syntactic Convergence.
- •70. Text: the Author’s Speech. Direct and Indirect Represented Speech. Paragraph.
- •71. Formal & Informal English.
- •Informal english:
- •72. Spoken & Written English.
- •73. Plot and Plot Structure.
- •74. System of Images. Means of Characterization.
- •75. Narrative Method.
- •76. Tonal System.
- •77. The Message of a Literary Work.
- •78. Style in Language.
47. Sd based on the relations of opposition: Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony.
Oxymoron is a stylistic device the syntactic and semantic structures of which come to clashes.
It is a combination of two semantically contradictory notions, that help to emphasize contradictory qualities simultaneously existing in the described phenomenon as a dialectical unity. One of the two members of o. illuminates the feature which is universally observed and acknowledged while the other one offers a purely subjective, individual perception of the object. Types of Structure of o.:
1) attributive – “adoring hatred”, most widely known (the subjective part of the oxymoron is embodied in the attribute-epithet).
2) non-attributive (adverbial) structures as “to cry silently”, used to express semantic contradiction, as in “the stree’ damaged by improvements” (O. H.) or “silence was louder than thunder” (U.).
3) other patterns “doomed to liberty”
The peculiarity of an o. lies in the fact that the speaker’s subjective view can be expressed through either of the members of the word combination. O-s rarely become trite, for their components, linked forcibly, repulse each other and oppose repeated use. There are few colloquial oxymorons, all of them showing a high degree of the speaker’s emotional involvement in the situation, as in “damn nice”, “awfully pretty”.
Antithesis – stylistic, relative opposition which arises out of context: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times..” It’s not only the semantic aspect which explains the linguistic nature of a., the structural pattern also plays an important role. A. is generally moulded in parallel construction. A. is often signaled by the introductory connective “but”. A. is a device bordering between stylistics and logic. Functions:
Rhythm-forming (because of the parallel arrangement)
Copulative
Dissevering
Comparative
To show complex nature of the object, it’s discrepancy
Irony – is based on the simultaneous realization of 2 logical meanings – dictionary and contextual, but the 2 meanings stand in opposition to each other: “She turned with the sweet smile of an alligator”, “It must be delightful to find oneself in a foreign country without a penny in one’s pocket”. The word containing the irony is strongly marked by intonation, has an emphatic stress. In written speech i. can be realized through the medium of situation, which may extend as far as paragraph, chapter, the whole book.
Sarcasm – bitter, socially or politically aimed i. Humour causes laughter. Function of i:
Not to cause a ludicrous, humorous effect, but express a feeling of irritation, displeasure, pity or regret.
Reveal true meaning of the context.
Types of irony:
verbal irony( it is always possible to indicate the exact word whose contextual meaning diametrically opposes its dictionary meaning.)
sustained (it is formed by the contradiction of the speaker’s (writer’s) considerations and the generally accepted moral and ethical codes)