
- •The Object and Aims of Stylistics.
- •2)The Norm of Language. Standard English.
- •3)Functional Style. Register.
- •5)Scientific Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •6)Lexical Peculiarities of the Scientific Style.
- •8) The Style of Official Documents. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •9)Newspaper Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •10) Lexical Peculiarities of the Newspaper Style.
- •11) Structural Peculiarities of the ns
- •12) Publicistic Style. Its criteria and linguistic peculiarities
- •13) Lexical Peculiarities of the ps
- •14) Structural Peculiarities of the ps
- •15) Literary-Colloquial Style / Received Standard /. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •16) Lexical Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •17) Structural Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •18) Familiar Colloquial Style. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •19) Low Colloquial Speech. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •20) Stylistic Differentiation of Vocabulary
- •21. Formal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •22. Informal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •23. Common literary words and their stylistic functions
- •29. Poetic, Highly Literary Words, Archaisms
- •30. Neutral words
- •31. Stylistic colouring
- •32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation and Connotation. Implication. Presupposition.
- •33. Context
- •34. Stylistic context
- •35. Stylistic function
- •37. Language and speech functions.
- •38) Stylistic Differentiation of Phraseological Units. Stylistic Functioning of Phraseological Units.
- •The Clichés
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Epigrams
- •Allusions
- •39). Phonetic Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices.
- •40) Graphic Expressive Means.
- •41) Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices. Tropes. Figures of Speech.
- •42). The Metaphoric Group of sd: Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Epithet.
- •43) Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Inequality: Climax, Anticlimax, Hyperbole, Litotes.
- •44. Metonymic Group of sd: Metonymy, Synechdoche.
- •46. Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Identity: Synonymic Pairs, Synonymic Variation, Euphemism, Periphrasis.
- •47. Sd based on the relations of opposition: Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony.
- •48. Inversion, Detachment, Parenthesis.
- •49. Expressive means based on the absence of the logically required components: Ellipsis, Break-in-the narrative, nominative sentences, apokoinu constructions.
- •51. Expressive means based on the Transferred use of structural meaning: Rhetoric question, Emphatic negation, reported speech.
- •52. Expressive means based on the Juxtaposition of different parts of the utterance: Parallelism, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epiphora.
- •53. Expressive means based on the way the parts are connected: Asyndeton, polysyndeton, the Gap- Sentence Link.
- •54) Semi-marked structures
- •55) Zeugma, Semantically false chain, pun.
- •56) Enumeration, suspense.
- •57. Nouns
- •58.Pronouns
- •59. Adjectives. Verb. Adverbs
- •60) Literary Criticism and Linguistic Stylistics.
- •61) Stylistic Analysis/ from the Author’s, Reader’s point of view. Levels and Methods of Analysis. Linguostylistic analysis of imaginative literature.
- •62. Interaction of Stylistic Colouring& the Context
- •63. The use of the stylistically coloured words in a literary text
- •64. Expressiveness of word-building
- •65. Semantic Structure of the Word & Interaction of Direct & Indirect Transferred Meanings
- •66. The Use of Polysemy and Repetition
- •67.Lexical Analysis & a Literary Text Analysis. Thematic Net.
- •68. The theory of Images. The structure. Functions of images.
- •69.Syntactic Convergence.
- •70. Text: the Author’s Speech. Direct and Indirect Represented Speech. Paragraph.
- •71. Formal & Informal English.
- •Informal english:
- •72. Spoken & Written English.
- •73. Plot and Plot Structure.
- •74. System of Images. Means of Characterization.
- •75. Narrative Method.
- •76. Tonal System.
- •77. The Message of a Literary Work.
- •78. Style in Language.
33. Context
Context is a linguistic surrounding of an element of a language, in other words it is words and phrases which precede and follow it, also relationships and linking with this words and phrases which influence the meaning of the element and its understanding.
Context shows which of the lexical semantic variants of a word is used in this particular case.
The influence of context parameters on language use or discourse is usually studied in terms of language variation, style or register. The basic assumption here is that language users adapt the properties of their language use (such as intonation, lexical choice, syntax, and other aspects of formulation) to the current communicative situation. In this sense, language use or discourse may be called more or less 'appropriate' in a given context.
Stylistic context is a background in which the expressiveness of a stylistic device occurs by contrast or similarity.
Micro context is limited by the borders of one stylistic function.
Extra linguistic context is an environment where the act of speech takes place.
Context 1)language (words)
2)speech (environment)
34. Stylistic context
M/ Raffaterre defines stylistic context as a pattern broken by an unpredictable element. He thinks that contrast is a basic feature of stylistic context.
I.V. Arnold looks upon stylistic context as a unity of stylistic element and its surroundings, a systematic structure of interrelated elements. Every stylistically relevant element is not isolated but is coordinated with the other elements of the context.
Micropoetic context is limited by a complete sentence. Macropoetic context may spread on 2 any stylistically relevant part of the text (a paragraph, a complex syntactical unit or a whole text).
Stylistic context may be based on the similarity of equivalent words or their contrast.
Stylistic context very often is based on the convergence. Convergence denotes an accumulation at a given point of the text or several stylistic devices, each device adds its expressivity to that of others, and thus the total effect may be a striking emphasis. (e.g. and heaved, and heaved, still unrestingly heaved the black sea, as if its vast tides were a conscience. – simile, repetition, inversion and polysyndation).
35. Stylistic function
Stylistic function deals with expressive potential of elements of the language within the context. Dealing with the stylistic function of elements of the language we take into consideration emotions, relations, attitudes the author transcends to the readers. Stylistic function has a contextual nature. It belongs to the stylistic of speech. Stylistic function provides the correctness of the decoding, prevents from erroneous understanding. Stylistic means within the stylistic function helps readers to single out the main things and to put accents correctly. All in all their aim is to protect from distortion.
Stylistic function has some peculiarities:
Accumulation: the same motive, mood or feelings are usually expressed by several parallel means, if it is significant for the whole. Such abundance intensifies and concentrates the impression and is called convergence.
As stylistic function backs on connotative meanings of words, forms and constructions, it may be expressed implicitly, not directly.
Ability to irradiation: long utterance may have one/two high-flown words, which are surrounded by neutral words, but all in all the utterance will sound lofty, and vice versa – one vulgar word may make the whole utterance sound vulgar and rude.
36. Principles of foregrounding.
Foregrounding is the practice of making something stand out from the surrounding words or images. There are two main types of foregrounding: parallelism (grammar) and deviation. Parallelism can be described as unexpected regularity, while deviation can be seen as unexpected irregularity
Deviation corresponds to the traditional idea of poetic license: the writer of literature is allowed - in contrast to the everyday speaker - to deviate from rules, maxims, or conventions. These may involve the language, as well as literary traditions or expectations set up by the text itself. The result is some degree of surprise in the reader, and his / her attention is thereby drawn to the form of the text itself (rather than to its content). Cases of neologism, live metaphor, or ungrammatical sentences, as well as archaisms, paradox, and oxymoron (the traditional tropes) are clear examples of deviation.
Devices of parallelism are characterized by repetitive structures: (part of) a verbal configuration is repeated (or contrasted), thereby being promoted into the foreground of the reader's perception. Traditional handbooks of poetics and rhetoric have surveyed and described (under the category of figures of speech) a wide variety of such forms of parallelism, e.g., rhyme, assonance, alliteration, meter, semantic symmetry, or antistrophe.
Foregrounding can occur on all levels of language (phonology, graphology, morphology, lexis, syntax, semantics and pragmatics). It is generally used to highlight important parts of a text, to aid memorability and/or to invite interpretation.