31. Stylistic colouring

Vinogradov: Lexical meaning is determined by the notion it expresses, the quality of the part of speech or grammatical category to which the word belongs, by the socially stable contexts of its usage, by the less of compatibility typical of the language, by semantic correlation of the words with its synonyms and other words close to it in their meanings, by expressive and stylistic colouring.

Stylistic reference is the evocative part of lexical meaning that evokes or points out at the sphere of usage of the word, it calls up the environment, style or register in which the word belongs. That calls up types of texts and speech situations proper to the place of the word I language system. It communicates of the social circumstances of the language use, correlates with their phonetic, morphemic, structural, semantic and etymological features of the word, their frequency. So that words having the same phonetical or other distinctive features may be defined as having the same stylistic value. Neutral words are consisted to be good, positive. Literary words sound dignified, elevated. Lofty; colloquial – familiar, friendly; non-standard – law, vulgar.

The criteria of the stylistic reference:

the number of the meanings, morphemes, syllables;

the frequence value(?)

etymology

St. neutral: polysemantic, native, structurally simple, highest frequency.

Stylistically coloured w-s (bookish(literary)--special terms, poetic, foreign; colloquial—common colloq./literary colloq.-special coloq./slang, jargon

Stylistic and emotional colouring may be indicated by the following dictionary marks: colloquial, poetical, popular, derogatory, contemptuous, facetious, ironical, etc. Stylistic colouring belongs to the stylistics of the language.

32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation and Connotation. Implication. Presupposition.

Meaning is usually more pure than reference. On the other hand, understanding is less than referential meaning in words.

Denotation – the major component of lexical meaning. It is precise literal and objective, logical and cognitive. It carries no emotional overtones, judgments. It simply describes the object, person, place, etc. to which the word refers. We usually think of donation in terms of dictionary definition. It signifies and may be put in certain immediate constituency (father – male, parent, adult).

Connotation – variable, figurative, subjective. What the word suggests or implies. It is suggested by the word itself and the referent the word signifies. Connotation is that part of lexical meaning which a communication value, in addition to the word purely conceptual concept. It’s always associative by nature. The use of the connotation calls forth hinds of association. Connotation may be a part of lexical meaning or a part of semantic structure, or they they can be determined by the collocability of the word.

Connotation may be individual, contextual, occasional and general, permanent, usual. These associations come from the context of the usage of the word, the primary context and the utterances from which they derived their emotiveness, expressiveness, stylistical value, etc. They may call forth the environment of the word, that is, other words that tend to occur with the word in question. They may be associated with the situations which suggested these connotation. Connotation reflects the effective side of the language, denotation – the cognitive side. Connotation reflects the situation and the participants; the types of texts and speech situations proper for them; the place of the word in the system of language.

Emotive meaning is that part of connotation that expresses emotions and at the same time gives words their intensity, emotional power and arouses feelings.

Connotative meaning includes all feelings and associations of the words with emotions.

Evaluative connotation expresses the attitude of the speaker to the reality denoted by the language sign. It’s usually ameliorative or pejorative. They are regarded high or low in social estimations, logical consideration.

3 facts that determine evaluative meaning:

- the object of speech

- the nature of sphere of communication

- the relations (emotions of participants of the communication)

Expressive meaning is a reflected meaning, the expressive value based intensification or correlations between form and content and resulting in hyper semantisation (приращение смысла).

Collocative meaning is communicated through association with words which typically occur in the environment of another word, that part of connotation which is determined by the collocability of the word with some particular words.

Cintextual meaning – meaning that is imposed on the words by the context.

Grammatical meaning refers our mind to relations between words or to some words or constructions bearing upon their structural functions in the language-as-a-system.

Implication – a category in which the content is rather suggested but not expressed verbally. It sis expressed either by context or by the reader’s background knowledge, including the knowledge of the language. Trophs are the means of implication.

Presupposition – the conditions which may be satisfied to make the sentence function as a question, a demand, a statement;

- the relation between a referent and other referents without which this particular object and what is said about it can not be actualized. The different between the presupposition and meaning in their reaction to the negation. Negation refers only to the meaning, not to the presupposition.