- •The Object and Aims of Stylistics.
- •2)The Norm of Language. Standard English.
- •3)Functional Style. Register.
- •5)Scientific Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •6)Lexical Peculiarities of the Scientific Style.
- •8) The Style of Official Documents. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •9)Newspaper Style. Its Criteria and Linguistic Peculiarities.
- •10) Lexical Peculiarities of the Newspaper Style.
- •11) Structural Peculiarities of the ns
- •12) Publicistic Style. Its criteria and linguistic peculiarities
- •13) Lexical Peculiarities of the ps
- •14) Structural Peculiarities of the ps
- •15) Literary-Colloquial Style / Received Standard /. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •16) Lexical Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •17) Structural Peculiarities of the Literary-Colloquial Style
- •18) Familiar Colloquial Style. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •19) Low Colloquial Speech. Its Criteria & Linguistic Peculiarities
- •20) Stylistic Differentiation of Vocabulary
- •21. Formal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •22. Informal English vocabulary and its stylistic functions
- •23. Common literary words and their stylistic functions
- •29. Poetic, Highly Literary Words, Archaisms
- •30. Neutral words
- •31. Stylistic colouring
- •32. Word and its Meaning. Denotation and Connotation. Implication. Presupposition.
- •33. Context
- •34. Stylistic context
- •35. Stylistic function
- •37. Language and speech functions.
- •38) Stylistic Differentiation of Phraseological Units. Stylistic Functioning of Phraseological Units.
- •The Clichés
- •Proverbs and Sayings
- •Epigrams
- •Allusions
- •39). Phonetic Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices.
- •40) Graphic Expressive Means.
- •41) Expressive Means & Stylistic Devices. Tropes. Figures of Speech.
- •42). The Metaphoric Group of sd: Metaphor, Simile, Personification, Epithet.
- •43) Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Inequality: Climax, Anticlimax, Hyperbole, Litotes.
- •44. Metonymic Group of sd: Metonymy, Synechdoche.
- •46. Stylistic Devices Based on the Relations of Identity: Synonymic Pairs, Synonymic Variation, Euphemism, Periphrasis.
- •47. Sd based on the relations of opposition: Oxymoron, Antithesis, Irony.
- •48. Inversion, Detachment, Parenthesis.
- •49. Expressive means based on the absence of the logically required components: Ellipsis, Break-in-the narrative, nominative sentences, apokoinu constructions.
- •51. Expressive means based on the Transferred use of structural meaning: Rhetoric question, Emphatic negation, reported speech.
- •52. Expressive means based on the Juxtaposition of different parts of the utterance: Parallelism, Chiasmus, Anaphora, Epiphora.
- •53. Expressive means based on the way the parts are connected: Asyndeton, polysyndeton, the Gap- Sentence Link.
- •54) Semi-marked structures
- •55) Zeugma, Semantically false chain, pun.
- •56) Enumeration, suspense.
- •57. Nouns
- •58.Pronouns
- •59. Adjectives. Verb. Adverbs
- •60) Literary Criticism and Linguistic Stylistics.
- •61) Stylistic Analysis/ from the Author’s, Reader’s point of view. Levels and Methods of Analysis. Linguostylistic analysis of imaginative literature.
- •62. Interaction of Stylistic Colouring& the Context
- •63. The use of the stylistically coloured words in a literary text
- •64. Expressiveness of word-building
- •65. Semantic Structure of the Word & Interaction of Direct & Indirect Transferred Meanings
- •66. The Use of Polysemy and Repetition
- •67.Lexical Analysis & a Literary Text Analysis. Thematic Net.
- •68. The theory of Images. The structure. Functions of images.
- •69.Syntactic Convergence.
- •70. Text: the Author’s Speech. Direct and Indirect Represented Speech. Paragraph.
- •71. Formal & Informal English.
- •Informal english:
- •72. Spoken & Written English.
- •73. Plot and Plot Structure.
- •74. System of Images. Means of Characterization.
- •75. Narrative Method.
- •76. Tonal System.
- •77. The Message of a Literary Work.
- •78. Style in Language.
12) Publicistic Style. Its criteria and linguistic peculiarities
PS (18 century) falls into three varieties:
oratory and speeches (the spoken variety),
the essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and
Articles (political, social, economic).
With the development of radio and television - a new spoken variety, namely, the radio and TV commentary.
The general aim of PS is to exert a constant and deep influence on public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the point of view expressed in the speech, essay or article not merely through logical argumentation but through emotional appeal as well.
PS has features in common with the style of scientific prose (coherent and logical syntactical structure, an expanded system of connectives, careful paragraphing) and the style of emotive prose (the use of words with emotive meaning, the use of imagery and other stylistic devices).
The manner of presenting ideas brings this style closer to that of belles-lettres, in this case to emotive prose, as it is to a certain extent individual.
PS is characterized by brevity of expression. In some varieties of this style it becomes a leading feature, an important linguistic means. In essays brevity sometimes becomes epigrammatic.
Oratory and Speeches. The purpose of oratory – persuasion. Oratorical style belongs to the written variety of language, though it is modified by the oral form of the utterance and the use of gestures. Certain typical features of the spoken variety of speech present in this style are: direct address to the audience (ladies and gentlemen, honourable member(s), the use of the 2nd person pronoun you, etc.), sometimes contractions (I'll, won't, haven't, isn't and others) and the use of colloquial words.
This style is evident in speeches on political and social problems of the day, in orations and addresses on solemn occasions, as public weddings, funerals and jubilees, in sermons and debates and also in the speeches of counsel and judges in courts of law.
It makes use of a great number of expressive means to arouse and keep the public's interest and to appeal to people’s memory: repetition, gradation, parallel constructions, antithesis, suspense, climax, rhetorical questions, questions-in-the-narrative, allusions(depend on the audience and the aim), high-flown and emotive words, elements of colloquial speech, metaphors and similes (they make it easier to understand).
The Essay. (16 century) The essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, aesthetic or literary subjects; it never goes deep into the problem; aims at a more lasting effect. The most obvious characteristics are personality in the treatment of theme and naturalness of expression. An essay is rather a series of personal and witty comments than a finished argument or a conclusive examination of any matter.
The most characteristic language features of the essay: 1) brevity of expression - epigrammaticalness 2) the use of the first person singular, - personality 3) a rather expanded use of connectives, which facilitate the process of grasping the correlation of ideas 4) the abundant use of emotive words, 5) the use of similes and sustained metaphors, as one of the media for the cognitive process 6) naturalness of expression.
Some essays, depending on the writer's individuality, are written in a highly emotional manner resembling the style of emotive prose, others resemble scientific prose.
In comparison with oratorical style, the essay aims at a more lasting, hence, at a slower effect, it also differs in the depth of meaning; speeches are aimed at immediate effect so they carry immediately into the minds of the hearers. Epigrams, paradoxes and aphorisms are comparatively rare in oratory, in the essay they are commoner, for the reader has opportunity to make a careful and detailed study both of the content of the utterance and its form.
(Journalistic) Articles. All the features of PS - in any article. The character of the magazine as well as the subject chosen affects the choice and use of stylistic devices. For example, words of emotive meaning are few in popular scientific articles. Rare and bookish words, neologisms, traditional word-combinations and parenthesis are quite frequent in articles.