Examples of Krok 1 tests

44. Examination of a patient revealed erosion of enamel. What vitamin should be prescribed in this case?

A. D

B. C

C. K

D. A

E. PP

45. Vitamin A was prescribed to a patient with periodontitis. What process is activated under the influence of this vitamin and provides a therapeutic effect?

A. Growth and differentiation of cells

B. Hydroxylation of proline

C. Carboxylation of acids

D. Color vision

46. Antioxidants of natural and artificial origin are used during the treatment of periodontal disease. Which of the following is used as antioxidant agent?

A. Taurine

B. Thiamine

C. Gluconate

D. Pyridoxine

E. Choline

47. Excess of fluoride in water leads to fluorosis. What element can be used for elimination of toxic effects of fluoride on the tooth?

A. Calcium

B. Potassium

C. Sodium

D. Mercury

E. Selenium

48. Human body obtains vitamins, macro-and micronutrients from dietary uptake. Elevated quantities of what trace element has the most pronounced effect on the formation of caries?

A. Iron

B. Barium

C. Selenium

D. Strontium

E. Copper

49. Examination of a child revealed the initial stages of caries. Which products should predominate in the diet of the patient?

A. Protein, vitamins C, E A, minerals

B. Fats and fat-soluble vitamins

C. Carbohydrates and water soluble vitamins

D. Nucleic acids and micronutrients

E. Vegetable proteins, vitamins, minerals

50. Disorders of the enamel and dentin formation were observed due to a low content of calcium in the blood. What hormone deficiency may cause such disorders?

A. Parathyroid hormone

B. Triiodothyronine

C. Insulin

D. Somatotropin

E. Thyroxine

51. Plaque - a pathological formation on the surface of the teeth. The main sources of minerals in the formation of plaque are:

A. Gingival fluid

B. Oral liquid

C. Saliva

D. Blood plasma

E. Blood serum

52. Examination of a patient revealed plaque depositions. What compound is essential for plaque formation?

A. Calcium phosphate

B. Calcium oxalate

C. Urate

D. Pigments

E. Oxaloacetate

53. In humans, substances with osteotropic effects are synthesized. Which of the listed substances possess these properties?

A. Parotin

B. Thyroxin

C. Insulin

D. Nerve growth factor

E. Secretory immunoglobulin A

54. Hypovitaminosis of vitamin C reduces the formation of the organic matrix of teeth, delayed remineralization processes; leads to disturbance of collagen synthesis. This occurs, because this vitamin is involved in the process of...

A. Hydroxylation of proline and lysine

B. Carboxylation of proline

C. Carboxylation of lysine

D. Hydroxylation of proline

E. Hydroxylation of lysine

55. In dental practice special pasts are used. They are rich in fat-soluble vitamins A and D, because:

A. These vitamins regulate metabolism of heteropolysaccharides of tooth and promote deposition of calcium salts

B. These vitamins help the transformation of procollagen to collagen that results in remineralization

C. These vitamins activate energy metabolism in tissues of the tooth

D. Promote replacement of strontium apatite by hydroxyapatite

E. Provides antioxidant properties of tissues

56. In the treatment of periodontitis, hormones that stimulate the mineralization of teeth and inhibits of bone resorption are used, namely:

A. Calcitonin

B. Insulin

C. Adrenalin

D. Dopamine

E. Thyroxin

57. A disorder in the structure of collagen fibers associated with a deficiency of vitamin C leads to tooth loss. This can be explained, because vitamin C is a cofactor of:

A. Lysine hydroxylase and proline hydroxylase

B. Lysine hydroxylase and lysine oxidase

C. Glycosil transferase

D. Procollagen peptidase

58. To prevent gingivitis and to improve the regeneration of epithelial cells special vitamins are added to the periodontal toothpaste. Choose from the list one of the following vitamins that is used in this case:

A. Retinol

B. Thiamine

C. Phylochinon

D. Biotin

E. Calciferol

59. A 3 years old child was hospitalized with symptoms of severe stomatitis and gingivitis, as well as dermatitis of open parts of the body. The examination revealed violations of inherited transport of neutral amino acids in the small intestine. What vitamin’s insufficiency leads to the above symptoms?

A. Niacin

B. Vitamin A

C. Cobalamin

D. Biotin

E. Pantothenic acid

60. In the complex treatment of periodontitis, tocopherol was used. What effect causes the healing properties of this vitamin?

A. Antioxidant

B. Antiphlogistic

C. Antialergic

D. Osteotropic

E. Prooxydant

61. Examination of a patient revealed gingivitis accompanied by hypoxia. The formation of what metabolite of carbohydrate metabolism is increased in the periodontal tissues?

A. Lactate

B. Ribose-5-phosphate

C. Glycogen

D. Glucose-6-phosphate

E. NADPH

62. During the treatment of paradontosis antioxidants are used. What natural compound, found in food, serves as antioxidant?

A. Tocopherol

B. Thiamine

C. Calcitriol

D. Pyridoxol

E. Choline

63. During inflammation of periodontal tissues hypoxia occurs. This leads to changes of the ratio of ATP / ADP + Pi, resulting activation of phosphofructokinase. What metabolic process is activated?

A. Glycolysis

B. PPP

C. Ornithine cycle

D. Oxidation of fatty acids

E. Synthesis of purine nucleotides

64. Examination of a patient revealed that five teeth were affected by caries. What changes in the concentration of free amino acids (tryptophan, threonine, glutamate, aspartate, lysine) in the mixed saliva are observed?

A. Concentration is increased

B. Significantly reduced

C. Do not change

D. Decreased

65. Admission of calcium and phosphorus are essential for mineralization of tooth tissue. The main source of these macroelements in the tissues of the tooth is:

A. Oral liquid

B. Blood

C. Drinking water

D. Gingival fluid

E. Interstitial fluid

66. Inadequate enforcement of oral care leads to increasing in teeth plaque formation. What enzymes are activated in such conditions?

A. Liases

B. Transferases

C. Oxidoreductases

D. Hydrolases

E. Ligases

67. Mineralization of tooth tissue is regulated by many hormones. What hormone of salivary glands contributes to this process?

A. Parotin

B. Parathyroid hormone

C. Calcitonin

D. Kalidin

68. The main role in the process of calcification of tooth tissue plays osteocaltcin. This protein has the ability to bind calcium ions. Indicate special amino acid that provides this function.

A. Carboxy glutamine

B. Alanine

C. Oxyproline

D. Proline

69. Decreased resistance of tooth enamel is observed. Which of the following biochemical processes provides the highest resistance of tooth enamel?

A. Synthesis fluorapatite

B. Synthesis of hydroxyapatite

C. Synthesis of chlorine apatite

D. Synthesis of collagen

E. Synthesis of carbonate apatite

70. Excessive intake of fluoride is harmful. What salt solution should be used for removal of the toxic effects of fluoride on the tooth?

A. Solution of calcium salts

B. Solution of mercury salts

C. Solution of sodium salts

D. Solution of potassium salts

71. Phosphates are necessary for normal development of tooth tissue. What is the most effective source of organic phosphorus, which is used by the body for the mineralization processes?

A. Phosphatidylcholine

B. Phosphoproteins

C. Glycerophosphate

D. DNA, RNA

E. Mononucleotides

72. Metabolism of tooth tissue takes place with the participation of hormonal regulation. Which of the following hormones stimulates the inclusion of calcium ions in the osteoblasts of tooth tissue?

A. Calcitonin

B. Parathyroid hormone

C. Cortisone

D. Insulin

E. Thyroxin

73. Hypoxia occurs during periodontal inflammation. This disorder is accompanied by accumulation of lactate in the periodontal tissues due to conversion of pyruvic acid to…

A. Acetyl-CoA

B. Oxaloacetic acid

C. Alanine

D. Glycerol

E. Glucose

74. Examination of a patient revealed bleeding gums, and periodontitis. What from the listed below drugs can be effectively used in treatment of this disease?

A. Vitamins A and C

B. Biotin

C. Vikasol

D. Nicotinic acid

E. Glutamate

75. Demineralization of enamel is the main cause of tooth decay. Which of the above factors causes demineralization of enamel?

A. Proteolytic enzymes, organic acids

B. Saturated fatty acids

C. Glucose, starch

D. Urea, ammonia,

E. Buffer systems of saliva

76. Examination of a patient revealed gingivitis. Overexpression of which of the following enzymes is observed during this disease?

A. Collagenase, elastase

B. Proteases, hyaluronidase

C. DNAse, RNAse

D. Neuraminidase, phospholipase C

77. Periodontitis is accompanied by activation of proteolysis in the periodontal tissues. What component of oral fluid indicates activation of proteolysis?

A. Amino acids

B. Organic acids

C. Glucose

D. Biogenic amines

E. Cholesterol

78. During investigation of oral cavity of patient dentist revealed dryness and numerous erosions of mucosa. Deficiency of what vitamin may cause these changes?

1. Retinol

2. Biotin

3. Menaquinon

4. Rhutin and flavonoids

5. Pyridoxine

79. Changes in chemical composition of saliva are observed not only in diseases of the oral cavity, but also in diseases of the digestive tract. What somatic pathology is accompanied by decreased activity of lysozyme in saliva?

A. Stomach cancer B. Hepatitis C. Pancreatitis D. Gastritis E. Dysbacteriosis

80. What pathology can be suggested when the activity of amylase in saliva of a patient is decreased?

A. Insufficient secretory function of parotis

B. Submandibular gland hypofunction

C. Parotis hyperfunction

D. Sublinqual gland hyperfunction

E. Sublinqual gland hypofunction

81. Many diseases are frequently accompanied with changes in content of different metabolites in saliva. What substance concentration may be increased in saliva of patient suffering from diabetes mellitus?

A. Glucose

B. Creatinine

C. Urea

D. Albumin

E. Zinc ions

82. What component of saliva significantly increases the risk of caries development in case of diabetes mellitus?

A. Glucose

B. Urea

C. Amino acids

D. Residual nitrogen

E. Ammonia

83. Excessive content of glucose in saliva in persons with diabetes mellitus leads to development of the following pathology:

A. Multiple teeth lesions with tooth decay

B. Enamel hyperplasia

C. Enamel hypoplasia

D. Fluorosis

E. Increased calcification of enamel

84. In a patient developed an intensive hypersalivation, which may cause partial neutralization of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. Digestion of what substances will be damaged in this case?

A. Proteins

B. Nucleic acids

C. Lipids

D. Cholesterides

E. Carbohydrates

85. Somatic diseases as usually are accompanied with changes in composition of saliva. What disease may cause the increase in residual nitrogen in saliva?

A. Renal insufficiency

B. Acute pancreatitis

C. Acute appendicitis

D. Infectious hepatitis

E. Perforation of gastric ulcer

86. During investigation of saliva in patient with periodontitis an increase in products of free radical oxidation was revealed. What is the influence of excessive generation of these products upon tissues of oral cavity?

1. Damage of cells

2. Hyposalivation

3. Lowering of pH of saliva

4. Hypersalivation

5. Changes in chemical

composition of saliva

87. In a patient with paradontitis the increase in activity of acid phosphatase and hyaluronidase in saliva is observed. How can be interpereted this changes?

1. Acceleration of catabolism of biomolecules in parodont

2. Enhancement of proteins excretion with saliva

3. Disorder of hormonal regulation of metabolism in parodont

4. Activation of free radical processes

5. Insufficiency of protective function of parodont tissue

88. During investigation of mixed saliva of the patient with parodontitis dentist detected an increase in content of free amino acids. How can be interpreted this result?

1. Activation of proteolytic enzymes

2. Activation of nucleic acids degradation in tissues of parodont

3. Activation of free radical oxidation processes

4. Negative nitrogen balance

5. Insufficiency of water soluble vitamins

89. In a patient with erosive stomatitis was detected enhanced concentration of chromium, nickel, cobalt, iron due to corrosion of prosthesis from chromo-nickel alloys. The most probable cause of this state can be:

2. Shift of pH in saliva to acidic side

3. Hypersalivation

4. Shift pH in saliva to alkaline side

5. Poisonong with salts of heavy metals

6. Excessive content of fluorine in drinking water

90. In a patient a progressive demineralization of enamel is observed, pH of saliva is 6.0. What type of diet is recommended to be restricted?

A. Enriched in carbohydrates

B. Enriched in vitamins

C. Rich in proteins

D. Rich in lipids

E. Enriched in unsaturated fatty acids.

91. Caries develops as a consequence of the effect of many factors. What is the principal mechanism of multiple caries development in case of hyposalivation?

1. Decrease in mineralization capacity of saliva

2. Insufficiency of neuropeptides secretion

3. Decrease of hormones level

4. Insufficient mechanical processing of meal

5. Decrease in vitamins providement