- •Section I Control of the initial level of knowledge. Biochemical constituents of the cell. Methods of biochemical investigations.
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •77. Discribe the method, shown at the picture below:
- •78. Discribe the method, shown at the picture below:
- •Section іі Enzymes, structure and classification. Regulation of metabolism
- •Е. Whatever part of polypeptide chain of enzyme molecule.
- •Substrate concentration at which reaction rate is half maximal
- •The second enzyme has higher affinity to substrate
- •Competitive
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Cysteine
- •B. Amylase
- •Peptidases
- •Enteropeptidase
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section ііi Metabolic pathways and bioenergetics. Tricarboxylic acid cycle. Biological oxidation and oxidative phopshorylation
- •1. When atp forms amp:
- •B. Protons
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section іv Structure and metabolism of carbohydrates
- •19. Chose the reaction of glycolysis catalyzed by an enzyme phosphofructokinase:
- •A. Liver
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybulyrate, and acetone
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section іv Structure and metabolism of lipids
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •143. A patient with high rate of obesity was advised to use carnitine as a food additive in order to enhance "fat burning". What is the role of carnitine in the process of fat oxidation?
- •144. Lipids are obvious energetic material for the body. What is the main pathway of fatty acids metabolism in mitochondria?
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks Situational tasks
- •179. The patient is observed an allocation of undigested fat in the faeces. What are the possible causes for this?
- •184. Free cholesterol can affect cholesterol metabolism in the body by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. By which step free cholesterol can inhibit its biosynthesis?
- •186. Explain the mechanism of phospholipids breakdown, shown at the scheme below:
- •Section VI Structure and metabolism of amino acids
- •B. Amylase
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •112. According to clinical indications a patient was administered pyridoxal phosphate. What processes is this medication intended to correct?
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •145. In a patient 10 g of urine per day is excreted. Evaluate this result.
- •151. Skin color is the aggregate result of the expression of a number of genes modified by ethnic origin and genetic inheritance. What can cause the hypopigmentation?
- •Section VII Principles of molecular biology and molecular genetics
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •108. List and describe properties of the genetic code.
- •113. Fill in the blanks.
- •114. Put the numbers of the enzymes on their place in the picture. Using arrows indicate the direction of replication and direction of synthesis of leading and lagging strands.
- •Section VIII Molecular mechanisms of hormone action on target cells. Biochemistry of hormonal regulation
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •78. For analgesia, a certain substance which imitates the physiological properties of morphine but is synthesized inside the human brain can be used. Name this substance.
- •80. A patient suffering from rheumatism was administered glucocorticoid therapy. What changes in carbohydrate metabolism in liver can be expected?
- •88. In blood of a patient a hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, in urine – hyperphosphaturia is observed. What is a possible cause of this state?
- •90. In 13 years old girl a hypotension and polyuria is observed. Preliminary diagnosis – diabetes insipidus. It is caused by deficiency of:
- •93. Signaling via prostanoids begins by interaction of the prostanoid with its receptor. The receptor involved is usually located in which part of the cell?
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •97. In 13 years old girl a hypotension and polyuria is observed. Preliminary diagnosis – diabetes insipidus. Which hormone deficiency can cause this disease?
- •99. The thyroid hormones t3 and t4 are synthesized in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. From which of the following essential amino acids are the thyroid hormones synthesized?
- •101. Name types of signalling:
- •Section IX Biochemistry of the nervous tissue
- •С. Ketone bodies
- •24. What compound may be used by the cns cells after extensive physical exercises and prolonged starvation?
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •114. Describe the structure of a synapse and explain how it operates?
- •Section X Biochemistry of the Muscular tissue
- •D. Glycogenolysis in muscles
- •С. Fatigue faster compared to the red fibers
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XI Biochemistry of nutrition
- •1. Note substance, which activates pepsinogen to pepsin:
- •2. Chose the enzyme which plays an important role in production of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells of gastric mucosa glands:
- •3. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreas?
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •62. The clinical and laboratory examination of the patient evaluated the presence of the lactic acid in his gastric juice. What does it indicate? What should be recommended to the patient?
- •69. Discribe the mechanism of hydrochloric acid production shown at the picture:
- •Section XII Functional role of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins in metabolism and providement of cell functions
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •100. A deficiency in thiamine (vitamin b1) would most likely lead to which clinical manifestations?
- •Section XIII Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of blood
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •89. The blood clotting cascade in humans is represented in the picture below. Using this scheme answer the following questions:
- •Section XIV Functional and clinical biochemistry of liver tissue. Biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous toxic compounds
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XV Water and mineral metabolism
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XVI Functional role of kidneys in urinogenesis. Normal and pathological constituents of urine
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XVII Biochemical constituents of connective tissue
- •Examples of Krok 1 Tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •34. Patient with burn disease is at the risk of formation of blood clots in blood vessels. What glycosaminoglycan may be used to prevent formation of blood clots?
- •Section XVIII Biochemistry of saliva and tooth tissue
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XIX. Biochemical reactions
- •References:
Examples of Krok 1 Tests
17. In a 63 years old women suffering from rheumatism, increased concentration of oxyproline in blood and urine was detected. What is the main reason of this state?
A. Degradation of collagen
B. Activation of prolyl hydroxylase
C. Renal impairment
D. Activation of cathepsins
18. A patient with burn disease is at the risk of blood clots formation. Thrombus formation may also take place in other diseases atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction. What polysaccharide is used to prevent formation of blood clots?
A. Heparin
B. Amylose
C. Starch
D. Hyaluronic acid
E. Chondroitin-4-sulfate
19. Results of blood and urine tests indicate that the content of glucuronic and sialic acids are above normal. Catabolism of which of the following compounds is enhanced?
A. Glucosamine glican
B. Glycoprotein
C. Collagen
D. Elastin
E. Calmodulin
20. A patient has symptoms of active forms of rheumatism. Clinical examination did not confirm this diagnosis. It should be also emphasized that rheumatism is a connective tissue damage, ie destruction heteropolysaccharides within glycoproteins. What biochemical blood and urine tests may be carried out to clarify the diagnosis?
A. Determine aminosugars, sialic acids
B. Determine glycoproteins, total nitrogen
C. Determine glucose, albumin, globulins
D. Identify glucocorticoids, 17-ketosteroids
E. Determine ketone bodies
21. For the resorption of keloids a hyaluronidase is used. What biochemical process causes advantages of enzymotherapy?
A. Cleavage of hyaluronic acid.
B. Cleavage of heparin.
C. Cleavage of chondroitin sulfate.
D. The synthesis of glycosaminoglycans.
E. Cleavage of collagen.
22. Mukopolysaccharydoses are hereditary diseases that manifested pathological changes during bones and joints formation. What urine index indicates this disease?
A. Excessive excretion of glycosaminoglycans.
B. Excessive excretion of amino acids.
C. Excessive excretion of lipids.
D. Excessive excretion of glucose.
E. Excessive excretion of proteins.
23. A patient was hospitalized with impaired vascular permeability. Specify the protein of connective tissue which is disturbed at such conditions.
A. Collagen
B. Myoglobin
C. Albumin
D. Tropomyosin
E. Ceruloplasmin
24. Examination of a 2 years old child revealed deformation of the spine, joints; lagging in growth, progressive coarsening of the face, deafness, thickening of the skin. Increased excretion of dermatine sulfate and heparin sulfate were determined in urine. Deficit of which from the following enzymes caused these changes?
A. α-L-iduronidase.
B. N-sulfamidase.
C. N-acetyl glucose aminidase.
D. Glucose-6-phosphatase.
E. β-glucoseamine– N-acetyltransferase.
25. In inflammatory diseases of joints decreasing in viscosity of synovial fluid is observed. The reason of this disorder might be:
A. Reducing of the number and depolymerization of hyaluronic acid.
B. Reduction of the number and depolymerization of proteoglycans.
C. Reducing of the number and depolymerization of glycoproteins.
D. Reduction of protein concentration.
E. Reducing of the number and depolymerization of chondroitin sulfate.
26. In a patient with scurvy a disorder of hydroxylation of proline and lysine within the collagen molecule was observed. What biochemical process is inhibited?
A. Microsomal oxidation
B. Oxidative phosphorylation
C. Lipid peroxidation
D. Peroxidase oxidation
E. Tissue respiration
27. The process of destruction of connective tissue due to collagenoses was observed. What laboratory tests should be assigning to a patient with a chronic form of collagenosis?
A. Content of oxyproline and oxylisine in blood serum and urine
B. The activity of LDH isoenzymes
C. The level of urates in the blood
D. C-reactive protein
E. Transaminase activity
28. A 35-year-old patient consulted a dentist about low density of dental tissues, increase fragility of teeth after eating solid food. In order to determine Ca/P relation a scrape of enamel was sent to the laboratory. What value of this index is suggestive of intensified demineralization?
A. 0.9
B. 1.67
C. 1.5
D. 1.85
E. 3.5
29. Examination of a patient with Slaj syndrome revealed urinary excretion of heparin sulphate and chondroitin sulfate. This condition is likely to be caused by the deficiency of the following substance.
A. -Glucuronidase
B. -amylase
C. Lactate dehydrogenase
D. Arylsulfatase A
E. Cathepsin D
30. A patient diagnosed with defects of the formation of enamel and dentin of teeth due to low content of calcium in his blood. Such changes are caused by deficiency of the next hormone:
A. Parathormone
B. Thyrocalcitonin
C. Triiodothyronine
D. Somatotropin
E. Thyroxine
31. Treatment of enamel erosion with dissolved in oil vitamin D3 was ineffective. The main reason for this may be a disorder of:
A. Bile production
B. Functioning of gonads
C. Digestion of carbohydrates
D. Digestion of proteins
E. Functioning of the pancreas
32. Analysis of a patient with frequent bleeding in internal organs and mucous membranes revealed proline and lysine in collagen fibbers. This might be caused by the deficiency of the next vitamin:
A. C
B. E
C. K
D. A
E. D