Section XV Water and mineral metabolism

1. Excretion of sodium with urine is stimulated by the following hormone:

1. Atrium natriuretic peptide (ANP)

2. Vasopressin

3. Oxytocin

4. Aldosteron

5. Norepinephrin

2. Addison disease is caused by aldosterone insufficiency, leading to:

1. Retention of potassium in the body

2. Excessive loss of potassium from the body

3. Retention of Ca ions in blood

4. Retention of water and tissue swelling

5. Disorder in calcium metabolism

3. The predominant mineral of bones is:

1. Calcium hydroxyapatite

2. Calcium silicate

3. Calcium carbonate

4. Calcium sulphate

5. Calcium phosphate

4. The softening of bones in rickets is caused by deficiency of:

1. Cholecalciferol (D₃)

2. Pantothenic acid

3. Nicotiamide

4. Parathyroid hormone

5. Pituitrine P

5. The cause of endemic goiter is deficiency of trace element:

1. Iodine

2. Iron

3. Zinc

4. Copper

5. Manganese

6. Copper as trace element is essential component of the next enzyme:

1. Cytochrome oxidase

2. Amylase

3. Trypsin

4. Xantine oxidase

5. Carbonic anhydrase

7. Zinc is a cofactor of the next enzyme:

1. Carbonic anhydrase

2. Pepsin

3. Monooxygenase

4. Aminotransferase

5. Galactosidase

8. Selenium is an ultra trace element and is incorporated in structure of enzyme:

1. Glutathione peroxidase

2. Lactate dehydrogenase

3. Catalase

4. Myeloperoxidase

5. Pyruvate kinase

9. Trace element molybdenum is a cofactor of the enzyme:

1. Xantine oxidase

2. Tyrosinase

3. Tryptophane hydroxylase

4. Myeloperoxidase

5. Cytochrome c

10. Steroid hormones, regulating mineral metabolism, are the next:

1. Aldosteron

2. Glucocorticoids

3. Progesteron

4. Cortisol

5. Norepinephrin

11. Trace element cobalt is an element of the structure of vitamin:

1. Vitamin B₁₂

2. Biotine

3. Vitamin B₁

4. Vitamin B₆

5. Pantothenic acid

12. This is the accepted norm of daily requirement of water in adult humans:

1. 1,5-2 l

2. 0,25-0,5 l

3. 0,5-0,75 l

4. 3-4 l

5. 5 l

13. Retention of water in blood plasma and prevention of tissue swelling depends on the oncotic pressure of plasma, which depends on the content of the next compounds:

1. Albumins

2. Immunoglobulins

3. Fibrinogen

4. Lipids of lipoproteins

5. Inorganic ions

14. The asymmetry of sodium and potassium ions distribution across plasma membrane of the cell is supported by the next membrane constituent:

1. K,Na-dependent ATP-ase

2. Sodium selective channel

3. Lecithine content of the membrane

4. Alkaline phosphatase

5. Cholesterol content

15. Concentration of sodium ion in blood plasma of healthy adult is:

1. 105 mMoles/l

2. 25 mMoles/l

3. 300 mMoles/l

4. 0,9 g/dl

5. 1,5 g/l

16. Under hypoosmolar dehydratation could be:

1. Dryness of the skin and mucosal structures

2. Headache

3. Muscle hypotonia

4. Collapse

5. Blood closeness

17. Extracellular hyperhydratation can be induced by:

А. Oncotic pressure decreasing, caused by hypoproteinemia after proteins loosing through kidneys

В. Decreasing of sodium level

С. Increasing of hydrostatic pressure of the blood

D. Alterations in a heart work

Е. Increasing of sodium level

18. Find a compound form the list, which does not contain iron:

А. Histamine

В. Muscle’s myoglobin

С. Ferritin and homosiderrin

D. Cytochromes

Е. Hemoglobin of RBCs

19. Which enzyme from the list below contains the copper?

А. Cytochromeoxidase

В. Alkaline phosphatase

С. Alcoholdehidrogenase

D. Aminoxidase

Е. Tyrosinase

20. In highlander the thyroid gland is bigger than normal. It is associate with failing in nutrition og the next microelement:

А. Iodine

В. Brome

С. Copper

D. Iron

Е. Mangan

21. Please, specify the function, which is not characteristic for calcium in human organism:

А. Calcium ions are cofactors for many enzymes

В. Calcium ions are the second messenger in cell signaling

С. Calcium ions play a role in hemostasis

D. Calcium ions play a role in skeletal muscles contraction

Е. Calcium salts are responsible for hard structure of bones

22. Concentration of calcium ion in urine of healthy adult is:

А. 2,5-7,5 mmol

В. 5,5-10,5 mmol

С. 25-75 mmol

D. 55-105 mmol

Е. 0,25-0,75 mmol

23. Specify the microelement which is the of T₃ and T₄:

А. Iodine

В. Fluorine

С. Bromine

D. Iron

Е. Selenium

24. Specify the microelement with antioxidant function:

А. Selenium

В. Fluor

С. Brome

D. Iron

Е. Iodine

25. Which electrolyte has the major role in the volume of the extracellular water homeostasis?

А. Sodium

В. Fluor

С. Brome

D. Iron.

Е. Iodine

26. Find from the list below the symptom of zinc deficiency:

А. Taste disorders

В. Affecting of the immune system

С. Olfaction disorders

D. Alterations in the hair growth

Е. Dermatitis

27. In cell the content of … is higher, than other microelements:

А. K⁺

В. Na⁺

С. I⁺

D. Fe³⁺

Е. Ca²⁺

28. Specify the mechanism of aldosterone action on the electrolytes metabolism:

А. Decreasing of the Na⁺ excretion

В. Increasing of the Na⁺ excretion

С. Decreasing of the water excretion

D. Decreasing of the K⁺ excretion

E. Increasing of the K⁺ excretion

29. The penetration of the irritable cell membrane for potassium ions has been increased during an experiment. What changes of membrane electric status can occur?

A. Hyperpolarization

B. Depolaization

C. Action potential

D. Local response

E. No changes

30. Deposition of calcium in bones is controlled by the next hormone:

1. Calcitonin

2. Thyroid hormone triiodothyronin

3. PTH (parathyroid hormone)

4. Calmodulin

5. Calcitriol

31. The cause of endemic goiter is deficiency of trace element:

1. Iodine

2. Iron

3. Zinc

4. Copper

5. Manganese

32. Copper as trace element is essential component of the next enzyme:

1. Cytochrome oxidase

2. Amylase

3. Trypsin

4. Xantine oxidase

5. Carbonic anhydrase