69. Discribe the mechanism of hydrochloric acid production shown at the picture:

Answer: 1. CO₂ and Cl^- diffuse from the blood into the stomach cell.

2. CO₂ combines with H₂O to form H₂CO₃.

3. H₂CO₃ dissociates into bicarbonate (HCO₃^-) and H⁺.

4. H⁺ combines with Cl^- in duct of gastric gland to form HCl^-.

5. An ATP pump is necessary to pump the HCl^- into the duct since the concentration of HCl^- is about a million times more concentrated in the duct than in the cytosol of the cell.

Section XII Functional role of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins in metabolism and providement of cell functions

1. Vitamins are:

1. Accessory food factors

2. Generally synthesized in the body

3. Produced in endocrine glands

4. Proteins in nature

2. A severe deficiency in nicotinic acid is the cause of the next disease:

1. Pellagra

2. Rickets

3. Polyneuritis

4. Scurvy

5. Hemorrhagic diathesis

3. Select the metabolic process with which is most likely associated vitamin C:

1. Biosynthesis of collagen

2. Intestinal calcium absorption

3. Biosynthesis of DNA

4. Biosynthesis of glycogen

5. Oxidative decarboxylation of α-ketoacids

4. Select the metabolic process with which thiamine is mostly associated:

1. Decarboxylation of α-ketoacids

2. Biosynthesis of collagen

3. Biosynthesis of amino acids

4. Oxidation of fatty acids

5. Biosynthesis of prothrombin

5. Beri-beri is a disease caused by deficiency of the next nutritional factor:

1. Thiamine

2. Carotene

3. Linolenic acid

4. Nicotinic acid

5. Tocoferol

6. Biotin as a cofactor participates in the next metabolic reactions:

1. Incorporation of CO₂ into molecules of metabolites (carboxylation)

2. Decarboxylation of pyruvate

3. Oxidation of fatty acids

4. Transfer of phosphate groups (kinase reaction)

5. Production of H₂O₂ (oxidase reaction)

7. Chose from the following vitamins one which is considered as antianemic factor.

1. Folic acid

2. Thiamine

3. Pantothenic acid

4. Ascorbic acid

5. Pyridoxine

8. Biochemical functions of water soluble vitamins are realized due to their transformation to coenzymes. What coenzyme is formed by vitamin PP?

1. NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

2. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)

3. Pyridoxalphosphate

4. FMN (flavinmononucleotide)

5. Thiamine pyrophosphate

9. Which of the following symptoms would be seen in a patient with a severe deficiency of thiamine?

1. A decreased level of transketolase activity in red blood cells

2. An increased clotting time of blood

3. A low level of cell transaminase activity

4. Xerophthalmia

5. A decrease in blood level of pyruvate and lactate

10. A prolong deficiency in cobalamine supply leads to development of the next disease:

1. Pernicious anemia

2. Hemolytic anemia

3. Hemorrhagic diathesis

4. Scurvy

5. Rickets

11. Thiamine pyrophosphate is a cofactor of which of the following enzymes?

1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

2. Aminotransferase

3. Citrate synthase

4. Arginase

5. Succinate dehydrogenase

12. Pantothenic acid is a precursor of the next coenzyme:

1. Coenzyme A

2. FAD

3. NADP

4. Coenzyme Q

5. SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)

13. Para-aminobenzoic acid is believed to be an inhibitor in biosynthesis of the next vitamin in: bacteria:

1. Folic acid

2. Biotin

3. Pantothenic acid

4. Cobalamin

5. Pyridoxine

14. Both Wernicke’s disease and beriberi can be reversed by administrating:

1. Thiamin

2. Retinol

3. Pyridoxine

4. Biotin

5. Vitamin B₁₂

15. The Vitamin B₁ deficiency causes:

1. Beri-beri

2. Ricket

3. Nyctalopia

4. Pellagra

5. Osteoporosis

16. Concentration of pyruvic acid and lactic acid in blood is increased due to deficiency of the vitamin:

1. Thiamin

2. Riboflavin

3. Niacin

4. Pantothenic acid

5. Biotin

17. Vitamin B₁ coenzyme (TPP) is involved in:

1. Oxidative decarboxylation

2. Hydroxylation

3. Transamination

4. Carboxylation

18. Increased glucose consumption increase the dietary requirement for:

1. Thiamin

2. Pyridoxine

3. Niacin

4. Biotin

5. Riboflavin

19. Riboflavin is a coenzyme in the reaction catalysed by the enzyme:

1. Acyl CoA synthetase

2. Acyl CoA dehydrogenase

3. -Hydroxy acyl CoA

4. Enoyl CoA dehydrogenase

5. Enoyl CoA synthetase

20. The daily requirement of riboflavin for adult in mg is:

1. 2.0–3.5

2. 0–1.0

3. 1.2–1.7

4. 4.0–8.0

5. 9.0-10.5

21. The pellagra preventive factor is:

1. Niacin

2. Riboflavin

3. Pantothenic acid

4. Pyridoxine

5. Biotin

22. Niacin is synthesized in the body from:

1. Tryptophan

2. Tyrosine

3. Glutamate

4. Aspartate

5. Valine

23. The enzymes with which nicotinamide act as coenzyme are:

1. Dehydrogenases

2. Transaminases

3. Decarboxylases

4. Carboxylases

5. Oxidases

24. Pantothenic acid is a constituent of the coenzyme involved in:

1. Acetylation

2. Decarboxylation

3. Dehydrogenation

4. Oxidation

5. Carboxylation

25. The precursor of CoA is:

1. Pantothenate

2. Riboflavin

3. Pyridoxamine

4. Thiamin

5. Biotin

26. Pyridoxal phosphate is central to:

1. Transamination

2. Deamination

3. Amidation

4. Carboxylation

5. Oxidation

27. The vitamin required as coenzyme for the action of transaminases is:

1. Pyridoxal phosphate

2. Niacin

3. Pantothenic acid

4. Riboflavin

5. Ascorbic acid

28. Vitamin B₆ deficiency may occur during therapy with:

1. Isoniazid

2. Terramycin

3. Sulpha drugs

4. Aspirin

29: Biotin is a coenzyme of the enzyme:

1. Carboxylase

2. Hydroxylase

3. Dehydrogenase

4. Decarboxylase

5. Deaminase

30. The coenzyme required for conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate is:

1. Biotin

2. FAD

3. NAD⁺

4. TPP

5. FMN

31. Consumption of raw eggs can cause deficiency of:

1. Biotin

2. Pantothenic acid

3. Riboflavin

4. Thiamin

32. The cofactor or its derivative required for the conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl-CoA is:

1. FAD

2. ACP

3. NAD⁺

4. Biotin

5. Pantothenic acid

33. A cofactor required in oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate is:

1. Biotin

2. Lipoate

3. Pantothenic acid

4. Para aminobenzoic acid

34. The central structure of B₁₂ referred to as corrin ring system consists of:

1. Cobalt

2. Manganese

3. Magnesium

4. Iron

5. Sodium

35. Vitamin B₁₂ has a complex ring structure (corrin ring) consisting of four:

1. Pyrrole rings

2. Purine rings

3. Pyrimidine rings

4. Pteridine rings

36. A deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ causes:

1. Perniciuos anemia

2. Beri-Beri

3. Scurvy

4. Rickets

5. Pellagra

37. Folic acid or folate consists of the:

1. Base pteridine, p-amino benzoic acid and glutamate

2. Base pteridine, p-amino benzoic acid and asparate

3. Base purine, p-amino benzoic acid and glutamate

4. Base purine, p-hydroxy benzoic acid and glutamate

5. Base pirimidine, p-amino benzoic acid and asparate

38. Folate as a coenzyme is involved in the transfer and utilization of:

1. Single carbon moiety

2. Amino group

3. Hydroxyl group

4. Amido group

39 Folate deficiency causes:

1. Microcytic anemia

2. Hemolytic anemia

3. Iron deficiency anemia

4. Megaloblastic anemia

40. Coenzyme A contains a nitrogenous base which is:

A. Adenine

B. Guanine

C. Choline

D. Ethanolamine

41. Chemically, lipoic acid is:

1. Sulphur containing fatty acid

2. Saturated fatty acid

3. Unsaturated fatty acid

4. Amino acid

5. Nucleic acid

42. Deficiency of vitamin C causes:

1. Scurvy

2. Pellagra

3. Pernicious anaemia

4. Beriberi

43. Retinol is produced in human body from the next precursor:

1. β-Carotene

2. Xanthophyll

3. 7-Dehydrocholeterol

4. Ergosterol

5. Tryptophan

44. The precursor of cholecalciferol in human is the following substance:

1. 7-dehydrocholesterol

2. Carotene

3. Heme, released after degradation of hemoglobin

4. Ergosterol

5. Phylloquinone

45. Vitamin K has the next physiological significance:

1. Provides the synthesis of prothrombine and other coagulating factors.

2. Stimulates absorption of calcium in intestines

3. Support the maturation of mucosal epithelium

4. Regulates the excretion of bile in the liver.

5. It is a cofactor of decarboxylases

46. Vitamin K is a cofactor of carboxylase, which produce the next amino acid derivative:

1. γ-Carboxyglutamate

2. Carboxyproline

3. N-Carboxyhistidine

4. γ-Carboxyaspartic acid

5. ε-Hydroxylysine

47. Deficiency of ergocalciferol causes development of the next disease:

1. Rickets

2. Xerophthalmia

3. Scurvy

4. Pellagra

5. Pernicious anemia

48. The appearance of osteoporosis in adults may be caused by deficiency of the next vitamin:

1. Ergocalciferol

2. Tocoferol

3. Phylloquinon

4. Ubiquinon

5. Pantothenic acid

49. Vitamin A or retinal is a:

1. Polyisoprenoid compound containing cyclohexenyl ring

2. Steroid

3. Benzoquinone derivative

4. 6-Hydroxychromane

50. -Carotene, precursor of vitamin A, is oxidatively cleaved by:

1. -Carotene dioxygenase

2. Oxygenase

3. Hydroxylase

4. Transferase

51. The molecule of vitamin A₁ contains:

1. -Ionone ring

2. Benzene ring

3. -Carotene ring

4. Purine ring

52. One of the manifestation of vitamin A deficiency is:

1. Night blindness

2. Painful joints

3. Loss of hair

4. Thickening of long bones

53. Deficiency of Vitamin A causes:

1. Xeropthalmia

2. Hypoprothrombinemia

3. Megaloblastic anemia

4. Pernicious anemia

5. Beriberi

54. Retinal is a component of:

1. Rhodopsin

2. Cardiolipin

3. Glycoproteins

4. Iodopsin

5. Nucleoprotein

55. The most potent Vitamin D metabolite is:

1. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

2. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol

3. 24, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

4. 7-Dehydrocholesterol

5. 1- Dehydrocholesterol

56. Deficiency of vitamin D causes:

1. Ricket and osteomalacia

2. Tuberculosis of bone

3. Hypthyroidism

4. Skin cancer

5. Beriberi

57. Calcitriol synthesis involves:

1. Both liver and kidney

2. Intestine

3. Adipose tissue

4. Muscle

5. Brain

58. The most important natural antioxidant is:

1. Vitamin E

2. Vitamin D

3. Vitamin B12

4. Vitamin K

5. Vitamin A

59. Vitamin K is involved in posttranslational modification of the blood clotting factor by acting as cofactor for the enzyme:

1. Carboxylase

2. Decarboxylase

3. Hydroxylase

4. Oxidase

5. Dehydrogenase

60. Vitamin K is a cofactor for:

1. Gamma carboxylation of glutamic acid residue

2. -Oxidation of fatty acid

3. Formation of -amino butyrate

4. Synthesis of tryptophan