- •Section I Control of the initial level of knowledge. Biochemical constituents of the cell. Methods of biochemical investigations.
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •77. Discribe the method, shown at the picture below:
- •78. Discribe the method, shown at the picture below:
- •Section іі Enzymes, structure and classification. Regulation of metabolism
- •Е. Whatever part of polypeptide chain of enzyme molecule.
- •Substrate concentration at which reaction rate is half maximal
- •The second enzyme has higher affinity to substrate
- •Competitive
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Cysteine
- •B. Amylase
- •Peptidases
- •Enteropeptidase
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section ііi Metabolic pathways and bioenergetics. Tricarboxylic acid cycle. Biological oxidation and oxidative phopshorylation
- •1. When atp forms amp:
- •B. Protons
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section іv Structure and metabolism of carbohydrates
- •19. Chose the reaction of glycolysis catalyzed by an enzyme phosphofructokinase:
- •A. Liver
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Acetoacetate, β-hydroxybulyrate, and acetone
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section іv Structure and metabolism of lipids
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •143. A patient with high rate of obesity was advised to use carnitine as a food additive in order to enhance "fat burning". What is the role of carnitine in the process of fat oxidation?
- •144. Lipids are obvious energetic material for the body. What is the main pathway of fatty acids metabolism in mitochondria?
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks Situational tasks
- •179. The patient is observed an allocation of undigested fat in the faeces. What are the possible causes for this?
- •184. Free cholesterol can affect cholesterol metabolism in the body by inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis. By which step free cholesterol can inhibit its biosynthesis?
- •186. Explain the mechanism of phospholipids breakdown, shown at the scheme below:
- •Section VI Structure and metabolism of amino acids
- •B. Amylase
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •112. According to clinical indications a patient was administered pyridoxal phosphate. What processes is this medication intended to correct?
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •145. In a patient 10 g of urine per day is excreted. Evaluate this result.
- •151. Skin color is the aggregate result of the expression of a number of genes modified by ethnic origin and genetic inheritance. What can cause the hypopigmentation?
- •Section VII Principles of molecular biology and molecular genetics
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •108. List and describe properties of the genetic code.
- •113. Fill in the blanks.
- •114. Put the numbers of the enzymes on their place in the picture. Using arrows indicate the direction of replication and direction of synthesis of leading and lagging strands.
- •Section VIII Molecular mechanisms of hormone action on target cells. Biochemistry of hormonal regulation
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •78. For analgesia, a certain substance which imitates the physiological properties of morphine but is synthesized inside the human brain can be used. Name this substance.
- •80. A patient suffering from rheumatism was administered glucocorticoid therapy. What changes in carbohydrate metabolism in liver can be expected?
- •88. In blood of a patient a hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, in urine – hyperphosphaturia is observed. What is a possible cause of this state?
- •90. In 13 years old girl a hypotension and polyuria is observed. Preliminary diagnosis – diabetes insipidus. It is caused by deficiency of:
- •93. Signaling via prostanoids begins by interaction of the prostanoid with its receptor. The receptor involved is usually located in which part of the cell?
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •97. In 13 years old girl a hypotension and polyuria is observed. Preliminary diagnosis – diabetes insipidus. Which hormone deficiency can cause this disease?
- •99. The thyroid hormones t3 and t4 are synthesized in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. From which of the following essential amino acids are the thyroid hormones synthesized?
- •101. Name types of signalling:
- •Section IX Biochemistry of the nervous tissue
- •С. Ketone bodies
- •24. What compound may be used by the cns cells after extensive physical exercises and prolonged starvation?
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •114. Describe the structure of a synapse and explain how it operates?
- •Section X Biochemistry of the Muscular tissue
- •D. Glycogenolysis in muscles
- •С. Fatigue faster compared to the red fibers
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XI Biochemistry of nutrition
- •1. Note substance, which activates pepsinogen to pepsin:
- •2. Chose the enzyme which plays an important role in production of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells of gastric mucosa glands:
- •3. Which of the following is not a function of the pancreas?
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •62. The clinical and laboratory examination of the patient evaluated the presence of the lactic acid in his gastric juice. What does it indicate? What should be recommended to the patient?
- •69. Discribe the mechanism of hydrochloric acid production shown at the picture:
- •Section XII Functional role of water soluble and fat soluble vitamins in metabolism and providement of cell functions
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •100. A deficiency in thiamine (vitamin b1) would most likely lead to which clinical manifestations?
- •Section XIII Biochemistry and pathobiochemistry of blood
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •89. The blood clotting cascade in humans is represented in the picture below. Using this scheme answer the following questions:
- •Section XIV Functional and clinical biochemistry of liver tissue. Biotransformation of xenobiotics and endogenous toxic compounds
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XV Water and mineral metabolism
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XVI Functional role of kidneys in urinogenesis. Normal and pathological constituents of urine
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XVII Biochemical constituents of connective tissue
- •Examples of Krok 1 Tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •34. Patient with burn disease is at the risk of formation of blood clots in blood vessels. What glycosaminoglycan may be used to prevent formation of blood clots?
- •Section XVIII Biochemistry of saliva and tooth tissue
- •Examples of Krok 1 tests
- •Clinical cases and Situational tasks
- •Section XIX. Biochemical reactions
- •References:
Examples of Krok 1 tests
67. A patient, manifesting the memory decline after craniocerebral injury came to the neurologist. By alteration of what biochemical process is this complaint mediated?
A. Insufficient production of mediators
B. Insufficient synthesis of glutamine
C. The decreased synthesis of GABA
D. Insufficient ammonia detoxification
E. Lactate accumulation
68. A patient, suffering from epilepsia, presented seizures. The physician administered him an amino acid, performing important functions in brain, in particular participating in ammonia detoxification. It is also the source of the depressing mediator production. What amino acid did the physician administer to the patient?
A. Glutamate
B. Tyrosine
C. Methionine
D. Tryptophan
E. Arginine
69. Toxicity of ammonia is mediated by its ability to alter the tricarboxylic acids cycle in brain mitochondria. What amino acid does ammonia exclude from the tricarboxylic acids cycle?
А. Alpha-ketoglutarate
В. Succinate
С. Citrate
D. Malate
Е. Isocitrate
70. Examination of the 30-year old patient evaluated the pathologic changes of the liver and brain. The content of cuprum in blood was acutely decreased and in urine increased. The preliminary diagnosis was recognized as Wilson’s disease. The activity of what enzyme will make possible the confirmation of the diagnosis?
А. Ceruloplasmin
В. Fumarase
С.Carboangidrase
D. Xanthinoxidase
E. Leucine aminopeptidase
71. Which peptide neurotransmitter, produced in hypophysis through the breakdown of highmolecular protein propiomelacortin, is bonded with opiate receptor?
А. Met-enkephaline
В. Oxitocin
С. ACTH
D. Neurotensin
Е. Vasopresin
72. The examination of the patient evaluated the liver alteration, accompanied by hyperammoniemia, hyperacidaemia, aminoaciduria and frequent faintings. Which acid is effective for the ammonia bonding in the brain?
А. Glutamate
В. Іsocitrate
С. Succinate
D. Fumarate
Е. Oxoloacetate
73. GABA is the main depressive mediator in the brain. Which drugs interact with alosteric centers of GABA-receptor complexes and potentiate the depressive action of GABA?
А. Benzodiazepins
В. MAO inhibitors
С. Endorphines
D. Enkephalines
Е. Antidepressants
74. The drug L-DOPA administered to the patient suffering from Parkinson’s disease caused dizziness and memory decline. To decrease the side effects of L-DOPA the physician administered lower doses of this drug and:
А. Activator of DOPA decarboxilase
В. Inhibitor of DOPA decarboxilase
С. Inhibitor of monoaminoxidase
D. Activator of monoaminoxidase
Е. Activator of diaminoxidase
75. Phosphororganic compounds, such as pesticides, tabun, zarin, zoman are known to be potent poisons, causing acute excitement of the nervous sytem. By what biochemical process is this mediated?
А. Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
В. Enhanced biosynthesis of acetylcholinesterase
С. Reversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
D. Enhanced biosynthesis of acetylcholine
Е. Decreased biosynthesis of acetylcholinesterase
76. The experimental animal with the purpose of psychic stimulation was injected iproniazid. Iproniazid inhibits the enzyme, catalizing the desactivation of biogenous amines. Name this enzyme:
А. Monoaminoxidase
В. Decarboxylase
С. Diaminoxidase
D. Aspartate aminotransferase
Е. Amino acid oxidase
77. The experimental aminal with the purpose of psychic stimulation was injected iproniazid, catalizing the deactivation of biogenous amines. Name coenzyme, being the constituent of this enzyme.
А. FAD
В. TDP
С. PALP
D. КоАSH
Е. NADP
78. The nervous-paralytical poison zarin was used in the field of fighting, causing large human losses. What is the mechanism of action of this poison?
А. Irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase
В. Increased concentration of catecholamines in the synaptic cleft
С. Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase
D. Decreased dopamine content in brain synapses
Е. Depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane
79. The patient suffering from psychic disease refuses to consume food within 2 weeks. Due to what compounds is his brains supplied with energy?
А. Ketone bodies
В. Cholesterol
С. Fatty acids
D. Lactate
Е. Acetyl-KoA
80. The feeling of fear in humans is accompanied by the synthesis of dioxyphenylalanine in the limbic system of the brain. What compound is the precursor of dioxyphenylalanine synthesis?
А. Tyrosine
В. Glutamine
С. Triptophan
D. Lysine
Е. 5-oxytriptophan
81. ɑ-Ketoglutarate enters the cycle of tricarboxylic acids in brain, avoiding oxidative decarboxylation due to the activation of the metabolitical shunt under the conditions of hypoxia. Which biogeneous amin plays crucial role in this process?
А. GABA
В. Tryptamin
С. Serotonin
D. Dopamine
Е. Histamine
82. During narcosis the consumtion of the rich in energy compounds by brain is acutely decreased. The content of which macroergic compound was increased in nervous cells because of this process?
А. Kreatine phosphate
В. ADP
С. Acethyl-KoA
D. Pyrophosphate
Е. UDP-glucose
83. The brain activity increases the ammonia content in the nervous tissue. What amino acid will play crucial role in ammonia bonding in this tissue?
А. Glutamate
В. Lysine
С. Arginine
D. Isoleucine
Е. GABA
84. A baby a fter birth manifested clonico-tonic seizures caused by food intake, touch, different sounds. It was determined that this disease is mediated by the lack of one of the pyridine dependent enzymes in brain tissue. Name this enzyme.
А. Glutamate decarboxylase
В. Cistathion synthase
С. Cineruninase
D. Aminotransferase
Е. 5-oxytryptophan decarboxylase
85. Melatonin in human organism regulates the processes of sexual maturation, sleep, functions of the gastrointestinal tract, cardio-vascular system, has antistressory and anti-seizure effects. What compound activates the synthesis of melatonin?
А. Norepinephrine
В. Serotonin
С. Dopamine
D. Methionine
Е. GABA
86. Ammonia toxicity for the CNS is mediated by inhibition of the tricarboxylic acids cycle, decrease of tissue respiration, oxidative phosphorilation, ketonaemia. Name the main pathway of ammonia detoxification in human brain?
А. Glutamine production
В. Urea synthesis
С. Uric acid synthesis
D. Ammonia salts production
Е. Nitrogenous base
87. Which of the mentioned below tissues is the most sensitive to hypoxia?
А. Nervous
В. Epithelial
С. Fatty
D. Muscular
Е. Bone
88. What is the principle of colorimetric determination of cholinesterase activity in blood serum?
А.Production of choline and acetic acid, removing рН of the solution, determined on the base of the coloration of the phenol red indicator
В. The colour reaction with picrine acid in the alkaline medium
С. The production of the scarlet colour with iron nitrate
D. The production of intensive blue coloration resulting from interaction with the Folin reagent
Е. The oxidation of paraphenylendiamin resulting in the production of coloured compound
89. The normal value of the cholinestherase activity in blood serum is:
А. 45 – 95 µmol/l
В. 12 – 30 µmol/l
С. 10 – 15 µmol/l
D. 98 – 115 µmol/l
Е. 105 – 145 µmol/l
90.Tetanic toxin induces tonic strain of the skeletal muscles and vessels, inhibiting the secretion of mediator from the nervous ending. Name this mediator.
А. Acethylcholine
В. Norepinephrine
С. GABA
D. Glycine
Е. Glutamate
91. In Parkinson’s disease the alteration in the dophaminergic transmission occurs, that is why dopamine precursor L-DOPA is used for the treatment of this disease. To decrease the side effects of L-DOPA this drug is administered together with:
А. Inhibitor of aromatic amino acids decarboxylase
В. Activator of aromatic aminoacids decarboxylase
С. Monoaminoxidase inhibitor
D. Monoaminoxidase activator
Е. Blockers of dopamine receptors
92. The number of what receptors are increased in the brain of patients, suffering from schizophrenia:
А. Dopamine
В. Serotonin
С. Epinephrine
D. Choline
Е. GABA
93.The distortion of the process of myelinisation of the nervous fibers cause severe neurologic symptoms and intellectual retardation. These clinical signs are typical for the hereditary disturbances of metabolism of:
А. Sphingolipids
В. Cholesterol
С. Neutral lipids
D. Glycerophospholipids
Е. Lipoproteins
94.Monoaminoxidase inhibitors are widely used as psychopharmacological drugs. They influence the content of all mentioned above neurotransmitters in the brain, EXCEPT:
А. Acethylcholine
В. Norepinephrine
С. Dopamine
D. Serotonin
Е. Epinephrine
95. GABA is the depressing mediator of CNS. Choose the amino acid which is the precursor for GABA synthesis:
А. Glutamate
В. Tyrosine
С. Aspartate
D. Tryptophan
Е. Glutamine
96. The breakdown of highmolecular protein propiomelanocortin in hypophysis produces all mentioned above neuronal and hormonal compounds, EXCEPT:
А. Neurotensin
В.Endorphine
С. ACTH
D. Lipotropin
Е. Enkephaline
97.Which statement about opioid peptides is not true?
А. Activate the adenilate cyclase system in neurons
В. Are produced from the precursor proteins through the limited proteolysis
С. Are inactivated through the proteolytical breakdown
D. Interacting with opioid peptides exhibit analgesing and euphoric effects like morphin and its analogues
Е. Include enkephalines, endorphines, neoendorphines and dinorphinse
98. The drugs interacting with alosteric centres of GABA-receptor complexes and enhancing the depressive effect of GABA are:
А. Benzodiazepines
В. MAO inhibitors
С. Morphin and its analogues
D. Tricyclic antidepressants
Е. Neuropeptides
99. GABA is inactivated by:
А. Deamination
В. Reduction
С. Oxidation
D. Transamination
Е. Decarboxylation
100. The insufficience of some vitamins in the human organism causes peripheral neuropathy and other neurologic symptoms. What process inducing nervous system disturbances is being altered by the lack of vitamin В6?
А. Transamination and decarboxylation of aminoacids
В.Antioxidant defense
С. Oxidative decarboxylation of alpha-ketoacids
D. Synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides
Е. Dehydration of the tissue respiration substrates
101.The bonding of GABA with the postsynoptic membrane receptors cause:
А. Increased membrane permeability for Сl+
В. Increased membrane permeability for К+
С. Increased membrane permeability for Са+
D. Increased membrane permeability for Na+
Е. Activation of adenilate cyclase system
102. The monoaminodicarboxylic acids, being the peculiarity of the amino acid constituents of the brain, include:
А. Glutamate, aspartate
В. Arginine, lysine
С. Glutamine, asparagine
D. Serine, histidine
Е. Valine, tyrosine
103. The neurotransmitters of the group of biogenous amines include:
А. Epinephrine, serotonine
В. Glycine, proline
С. Glutamate, aspartate
D. Endorphines, enkephalines
Е. Acethylcholine, choline
104. The neurotransmitters containing “excitatory amino acids” include:
А. Glutamate, aspartate
В. GABA, glycine
С. Proline, serine
D. Histidine, lysine
Е. Glutamine, asparagine
105. The neurotransmitters called “depressing amino acids” include:
А. GABA, glycine
В. Glutamate, glutamine
С. Aspartate, asparagine
D. Proline, lysine
Е. Histidine, tyrosine
106. The main represantatives of the opioid peptides are met-enkephaline and leu-enkephaline which due to their chemical structure belong to:
А. Pentapeptides
В. Tetrapeptides
С. Hexapeptides
D. Octapeptides
Е. Decapeptides
107. Which CNS neurotransmitter is synthesized from -ketoglutarate in the following sequence – deamination and decarboxylation?
А. GABA
В. Histamine
С. Tryptamine
D. Dopamine
Е. Serotonine
108. Monoaminoxidase inhibitors are widely used as psychopharmacologic drugs in practical medicine, f.i. for the treatment of depressive conditions the following drug is used:
А. Iproniazid, pirazolidol
В. Methionine, cystein
С. Heparin, carnosine
D. Riboflavin, retinol
Е. Epinephrine,serotonine