24. What compound may be used by the cns cells after extensive physical exercises and prolonged starvation?

А. Acetoacetate

В.Glycerol

С. Amino acids

D. Glutathione

Е. Purins

25. Which neurotransmitter of CNS is synthesized from alpha-ketoglutarate in the course of reaction of the following sequence – transamination and decarboxylation

А. GABA

В. Histamine

С. Tryptophan

D. Dophamine

E. Serotonine

26. What is the neurochemical background for the use of antidepressants in the treatment of depression?

A. The increase of norepinephrine concentration in the brain synapses

B. The increase of the acethylcholine concentration in brain synapses

C. The increase of GABA concentration in brain synapses

D. The inhibition of cholinesterase activity in brain synapses

E. Stimulation of monooxidase activity

27. Which methabolic pathway is the most important for the energy supply of the brain?

A. Aerobic oxidation of glucose

B. Anaerobic oxidation of glucose

C. Gluconeogenesis

D. Fatty acids oxidation

E. Ketone bodies oxidation

28. In which brain substance is the respiratory metabolism the most active?

A. Brain cortex

B. White matter

C. Sympathic part of the nervous system

D. Parasympathic part of the nervous system

E. Synapsis

29. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter with the following mode of action upon target cell:

1. Binding with specific cytoplasm receptor protein inside the cell

2. Binding with cell surface receptor and opening of sodium channels

3. Opening of chloride anion specific channels in cell membrane

4. Hyperpolarization of cell membrane

30. After appearance in synaptic cleft acetylcholine is rapidly inactivated by the following process:

1. Decarboxylation

2. Oxidative deamination

3. Hydrolytic cleavage

4. Reduction with NADH₂

5. Oxidation with peroxidase

31. Cholinesterase is a serine dependent enzyme extremely sensitive to the following compound:

1. Allopurinol

2. Diisopropylfluorophosphate

3. Arsenic acid salts

4. Cyanides

5. Mercury chloride

32. Note the class of enzymes to which acetycholine esterase belongs:

1. Hydrolase

2. Oxidoreductase

3. Transferase

4. Lyase

5. Isomerase

6. Ligase

33. A well known neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced from the following precursor amino acid:

1. Phenylalanine

2. Histidine

3. Lysine

4. Glutamate

5. Tryptophane

34. Dopamine as a specific neurotransmitter is produced from a precursor amino acid:

1. Tyrosine

2. Tryptophane

3. Methionine

4. Arginine

5. Histidine

35. Parkinson’s disease is caused by a dysfunction in the following neurotransmitter system:

1. Dopaminergic

2. Cholinergic

3. Catecholaminergic

4. Serotoninergic

5. Met-enkephalinergic

36. The following amino acid is a source of serotonine:

1. Tryptophane

2. Histidine

3. Serine

4. Tyrosine

5. Proline

37. Chose a neurotransmitter which is produced from proopiomelanocortine after its limited proteolysis in pituitary gland:

1. ACTH

2. α -MSH

3. β-Lipotropine

4. Oxitocine

5. Leu-enkephaline

38. Voltage gated channels have the following functional significance:

1. Propagation of action potential along the axon

2. Release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

3. Provide hyperpolarization of neuronal membrane

39. Chose a neurotransmitter substance which is produced after decarboxylation of glutamate:

1. Pyroglutamate

2. Histamine

3. Serotonin

4. Aminobutyrate, gamma-

5. Dopamine

40. Ligand gated channels are integral membrane proteins with the following functional significance:

1. Propagation of action potential along the axon

2. Provide a synaptic transmission

3. Break in the propagation of action potential

41. Biogenic amines with a neurotransmitter activity are rapidly inactivated in the synaptic cleft by the action of the following enzyme:

1. Monoamine oxidase

2. Peroxidase

3. FAD-dependent oxygenase

4. Superoxide dismutase

5. Glucuronyl transferase

42. The energetic metabolism of brain tissue depends mainly from the following metabolic pathways:

1. Aerobic glucose oxidation

2. Oxidation of nonesterified fatty acids

3. Ketone bodies utilization

4. Gluconeogenesis

5. Glycogenolysis

43. Myelin sheets of nerve fibers are composed from the sphingomyelin, which contains the next substance as a constituent:

1. Glycerol

2. Phosphocholine

3. Galactose

4. Neuraminic acid

5. Glucuronic acid

44. Gangliosides are important components of neuronal plasma membrane. They contain the following constituents EXCEPT:

1. Acetylneuraminic acid

2. Ceramide

3. Phosphoric acid

4. Lignoceric acid

5. Galactose

45. Cerebrosides are glycolipids of brain tissue and the following sugar is incorporated in their structure:

1. Lactose

2. Galactose

3. Mannosamine

4. Acetylneuraminic acid

5. Muramic acid

46. In a brain of patients with schizophrenia the increased number of the following neurotransmitter receptors is registered:

1. Dopamine specific

2. Serotonin specific

3. Adrenoreceptors

4. Cholinoreceptors

5. GABA-receptors

47. Disorders in myelinization of nerve fibers leads to severe neurologic disorders and mental retardation. Such disorders are typical for inborn errors in metabolism of:

1. Neutral lipids

2. Cholesterol

3. Sphingolipids

4. Glycerophosphatides

5. Lipoproteins

48. Cerebrosides contain all the following except:

A. Sulphate

B. Galactose

C. Sphingosine

D. Fatty acid

49. Cholinesterase is a serine dependent enzyme extremely sensitive to the next compound:

1. Diisopropylfluorophosphate

2. Allopurinol

3. Arsenic acid salts

4. Cyanides

5. Mercury chloride

50. Fabry’s disease (one of sphingolipidoses) is an autosomal recessive disease. Major symptoms of this disease: skin rash, kidney failure, pain in lower extremities. It is caused by a deficiency of:

1. Hexosaminidase A and B

2. G_m1 Gangliosidase

3. Galactocerebrosidase

4. α-Galactosidase A

5. Ceraminase

51. A well known neurotransmitters epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced from the next precursor amino acid:

1. Phenylalanine

2. Histidine

3. Lysine

4. Glutamate

5. Tryptophane

52. Cerebonic acid is present in:

A. Cerebrosides

B.Triglycerides

C Esterified cholestrol

D Sphingomyelin

53. Parkinson’s disease is caused by a dysfunction in the following neurotransmitter system:

1. Cholinergic

2. Catecholaminergic

3. Dopaminergic

4. Serotoninergic

5. Met-enkephalinergic

54. Gangliosides are complex glycosphingolipids found in:

A. Brain

B. Liver

C. Kidney

D. Muscle

E. Fat

55. Chose a neurotransmitter which is produced from proopiomelanocortine after its limited proteolysis in pituitary gland:

1. Leu-enkephaline

2. ACTH

3. α -MSH

4. β-Lipotropine

5. Oxitocine

56. Voltage gated channels have the next functional significance:

1. Provide hyperpolarization of neuronal membrane

2. Propagation of action potential along the axon

3. Release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

57. Chose a neurotransmitter substance which is produced after decarboxylation of glutamate:

1. Aminobutyrate, gamma-

2. Pyroglutamate

3. Histamine

4. Serotonin

5. Dopamine

58. Ligand gated channels are integral membrane proteins with the following functional significance:

1. Propagation of action potential along the axon

2. Provide a synaptic transmission

3. Break in the propagation of action potential

59. Biogenic amines with a neurotransmitter activity are rapidly inactivated in the synaptic cleft by the action of the next enzyme:

1. Monoamine oxidase

2. Peroxidase

3. FAD-dependent oxygenase

4. Superoxide dismutase

5. Glucuronyl transferase

60. NH₃ is detoxified in brain mainly as:

A. Glutamine

B. Uric acid

C. Creatinine

D. Asparagine

E. Urea

61. Myelin sheets of nerve fibers are composed from the sphingomyelin, which contain the next substance as a constituent:

1. Glycerol

2. Phosphocholine

3. Galactose

4. Neuraminic acid

5. Glucuronic acid

62. Which of the following is not a neurotransmitter?

1. Cyclic AMP

2. Acetylcholine

3. Noradrenaline

4. Dopamine

5. Epinephrine

63. Cerebrosides are glycolipids of brain tissue and in their structure is incorporated the next sugar:

1. Galactose

2. Lactose

3. Mannosamine

4. Acetylneuraminic acid

5. Muramic acid

64. In a brain of patients with schizophrenia the increase in number of the next neurotransmitter receptors is registered:

1. Dopamine specific

2. Serotonin specific

3. Adrenoreceptors

4. Colinoreceptors

5. GABA-receptors

65. Disorders in myelinization of nerve fibers leads to severe neurologic disorders and mental underdevelopment. Such disorders are typical for inborn errors in metabolism of:

1. Sphingolipids

2. Neutral lipids

3. Cholesterol

4. Glycerophosphatides

5. Lipoproteins

66. Tetanus toxin induces tonic straining of skeletal and vessel muscles due to inhibition of secretion by nerve endings such neurotransmitter as:

1. Glycine

2. GABA

3. Norepinephrine

4. Acetylcholine

5. Glutamate